Imperial College of Law

Until the beginning of the 19th century.

In 1720, Peter I , recognizing the urgent need to attract not only well-born but also well-educated employees to governing the state, ordered to hire people from the "nobility" who had been trained with a "patent" from the college at which they were trained ^[1] . Under the Senate , a school was opened for training in "clerical affairs " - clerical clerical work.

However, in 1763, Catherine II, due to the fact that the preparation of those who were considered as government officials to train the college of cadets, was unsatisfactory, was forced to cancel such an education system and close the Senate school.

In 1763-1797, jurisprudence was taught in the cadet corps and Moscow University.

In 1797, Paul I, by his decree, restored the training of junkers at the departments of the Senate in St. Petersburg and Moscow, as well as in all colleges except the military.

In 1801, Attorney General A. A. Bekleshov , already under the new emperor, again criticized the procedure for preparing the nobility for civil service. In 1805, at the proposal of the Ministry of Justice, Alexander I approved the establishment of the Higher School of Law, the director of which was appointed lawyer, state adviser G. A. Rosenkampf . In 1806, classes for a three-year course began in the new school. But after the first graduation of 1809, training was interrupted by M. M. Speransky . In 1812, G. A. Rosenkampf tried to restore education, but the outbreak of war prevented this, and in 1816 the school was abolished.

Between 1835-1917

The completion of the systematization of Russian legislation again aggravated the problem of training qualified officials who are capable of actually applying the laws. On the initiative of the nephew of Tsar Prince Peter of Oldenburg and with the close participation of M. M. Speransky in order to educate legally competent personnel for administrative and judicial activities, the charter and staff of the new School of Law under the Ministry of Justice were approved by decree of Nicholas I on May 29, 1835 ^{[1 ]} .

Pyotr Georgievich Oldenburgsky, appointed trustee of the school, bought for him from the heirs of Senator I.N. Neplyuev a house on the embankment of the Fontanka River, 6 (opposite the Summer Garden), for 700,000 rubles ^[2] . The house was rebuilt by architects A. I. Melnikov and V. P. Stasov . The director of the school was appointed state adviser S. A. Poshman, and inspector - professor of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum E. V. Wrangel . December 7, 1835, two days after the grand opening, classes began in the new school.

The school was a privileged closed educational institution and its status was equalized with the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It accepted up to 100 sons of hereditary noblemen aged 12 to 17 years. The school was paid, but for the training of state-owned students, the fee was paid by the treasury.

The training time was initially determined at 6 years, but from 1838 it was increased to 7 years with a division into two courses: the younger - gymnasium (VII, VI, V and IV classes) and the senior - university (III, II and I classes). Since 1847 , preparatory classes were established at the school (from 1856 - three-year classes).

In the junior course, the classical gymnasium program was fully completed (however, the Greek language was replaced by natural science), and at the university - the encyclopedia of law (elementary law), church, Roman, civil, commercial, criminal and state law, civil and criminal proceedings, the history of Roman law , international law, forensic science, police law, political economics, finance laws, history of religions, history of philosophy, in connection with the history of philosophy of law, Latin and English ysky language (optional more German and French).

The directors and educators sought to maintain an almost military discipline in the school and a strict daily routine - 42 calls each ^[3] .

A library was created at the school, and then a museum of the history of the school. The book collection was based on 364 volumes (184 works) purchased from the bookseller Smirdin at the time the school opened. The following year, the library was replenished with a complete collection of laws in 80 volumes. In 1838, a library of French books and maps was purchased for the library. Sent as a gift to the library publications of various educational institutions - scientific notes, dissertations and others. By 1885, there were about 6,000 books in the collection. The library subscribed to general and special Russian and foreign periodicals.

The cost of maintaining the school at the end of the 19th century was 225,000 rubles. annually; 90,000 of them were released from the treasury, and the rest was reimbursed by a fee for the maintenance of pupils. In order to provide material assistance to needy students and graduates, as well as their families, in 1885 the charter of the Law Office was approved, the members of which were, first of all, former pupils of the school - mostly dignitaries who paid annual or one-time fees.

All graduates were required to serve 6 years in the institutions of the Ministry of Justice. Those who graduated with honors received the ranks of grades IX and X ( titular adviser and college secretary - corresponded to the staff captain and lieutenant of the army) and were sent mainly to the office of the Ministry of Justice and the Senate; others were sent to judicial places in the provinces , in accordance with the successes of each.

Noting the activity of preparing “ young noblemen for the civil service in the judicial part ”, Alexander III in a script on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the school urged in the future to send “ his works to the upbringing of the Russian youth, affirming his pets in the rules of faith, truth and good morality and in constant devotion to the Throne and the Fatherland . ”

Over the years of its existence, the Law School, which was one of the few law schools in Russia, was able to train more than 2000 highly qualified lawyers ^[4] .

After 1917

On September 15, 1917, by an order of the Provisional Government, the Imperial College of Law was subordinated to the Ministry of Education ^[5] .

On June 18, 1918, the school was liquidated by a decision of the Commissariat of Public Education, and its building was transferred to the Petrograd Agronomical Institute (PAI). In Soviet times, many jurists were repressed (see Case of Lyceum Students ).

In the period from 1947 to 1956, the building of the former School of Law was rented by the NII-380 ^[6] - the future All-Union Research Institute of Television ( VNIIT ) ^{[~ 1] [7]} .

Since 2003, the Leningrad Regional Court has been located in the building of the School of Law (6 Fontanka Embankment ).

Prince Peter of Oldenburg was the trustee of the school until his death in 1881, after which his son Alexander Petrovich became the trustee, who remained in this post until the revolution.

The first director of the school was appointed state adviser, retired colonel S. A. Poshman , the first inspector - professor of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Baron E. V. Wrangel .

In subsequent years, the duties of the director were performed by:

• Prince N. S. Golitsin , Colonel ( 1848 - 1849 );
• A.P. Yazykov , Major General ( 1849 - 1877 );
• I.S. Alopeus , a retired captain, before appointment - inspector of pupils ( 1877 - 1890 );
• A. L. Panteleev , lieutenant general ( 1890 - 1897 );
• A. I. Rogovskoy , general from infantry ( 1897 - 1902 );
• V.V. Olderogge, retired colonel ( 1902 - 1911 )
• Z. V. Mitskevich , Major General ( 1911 - not earlier than 1916 ).

Among the teachers of the school in different years there were prominent experts in the fundamental and applied fields of law:

• Lawyers - I.E. Andreevsky , Ya. I. Barshev , E.N. Berendts , A.I. Vitsyn , A.E. Worms , Gisetti G.A. , A.F. Golmsten , A.D. Gradovsky , P. D. Kalmykov , M. N. Kapustin , A. I. Kranikhfeld , A. F. Koni , V. N. Latkin , F. F. Martens , D. I. Meyer , K. A Nevolin , S. V Pakhman , V. D. Spasovich , N. I. Stoyanovsky , N. S. Tagantsev , M. A. Taube , I. Ya. Foynitsky , A. P. Chebyshev-Dmitriev , V. V. Shneider , Yu. A Stekgardt
• historians - I.K. Kaydanov , I.P. Shulgin
• theologians - M. I. Bogoslovsky , A.P. Parvov
• psychologist - V. S. Serebrenikov
• philologists - P.E. Georgievsky , A.V. Ivanov
• economist - I. Ya. Gorlov
• physicians - V.K. von Anrep , von A.P. Zagorsky , I.T. Spassky
• epidemiologist - S. M. Lukyanov
• mineralogist - A. F. Postels

Among the graduates of the school (in total more than 2,000 people graduated from it) were:

Strict regulation of life and training within the school was brightened up for students with the opportunity to devote free time to walks and sports, to visit theaters and stage their own performances, which over time even became known among the theater-goers of the city.

Particular attention was paid to music classes, which was facilitated by the enthusiasm for music by the school trustee P. G. Oldenburgsky ^{[~ 2]} , on the initiative of which concerts of professional musicians were organized both in the school hall and in the prince’s palace, which “ to educate and develop their taste and concepts »Students were also invited ^[8] . The pupils of the school themselves gave concerts, for many of which the attachment to music was preserved for life, and for some it became its meaning. A lawyer and a liberal philosopher, a graduate of the school in 1861, V.I. Taneev , whom a doctor had forbidden to take music lessons in early childhood, wrote: “ What is nature? The kingdom of music ... Without music, man is nothing . ”

From the first years of the college's existence, music education was included in the curriculum, teachers of music and singing were included in the staff of teachers, musical instruments were acquired. According to the music and art critic V. V. Stasov , a graduate of the school in 1843, due to the enthusiasm of the students, the school was “ filled with musical sounds from one end to the other ” ^[9] . Musical enthusiasm decreased in the 1850s ^[10] when, under the director, Major General A. P. Yazykov, instead of civilian teachers, the military appeared in the school with their strict orders and even punishing students with rods. The breech atmosphere began to discharge in the early 1880s.

On December 5, 1885, at a concert on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the School of Law, the composer performed the song “Law Song” composed by P. I. Tchaikovsky dedicated to the memory of the founder and trustee of the school, as well as the “Law March” ^{[~ 3]} .

In 1893, an excerpt from M. Glinka’s opera Ruslan and Lyudmila, accompanied by a choir and orchestra, was placed at the school.

Music Teachers

The first and “main musical engine” in the school was the music teacher Karl Yakovlevich Karel , who was replaced in 1853 by Franz Davydovich Becker (1853-1863). After 1838, pianist and composer Adolf L. Hanselt began to give piano lessons to his best students ^{[~ 4]} . From 1863 to the early 1900s. the piano teacher was F.F. Day , from 1901 to E.V. Klose , from 1910 to G.I. Romanovsky .

The cello lessons were taught first by the cellist of the Knecht Opera House, and later by Karl Schubert .

First, Fedor Maksimovich Linitsky (1835–1838) taught singing, and then choral conductor G. Ya. Lomakin (1838–1871 and 1879–1882) ^{[~ 5]} . In the early 1900s, G.A. Kazachenko taught singing, and A.I. Gromov taught church singing.

Lawyers - Musical Figures

Some graduates of the school left a noticeable mark in musical culture.

Composers:

• A.N. Serov , vol. 1, 1840
• N.F. Khristianovich , no. 9, 1848
• P.I. Tchaikovsky , vol. 20, 1859
• G. A. Lishin , no. 36, 1875
• N. M. Strelnikov , vol. 70, 1909

Musical figures:

• V.V. Stasov , no. 4, 1843 - Russian music and art critic.
• P.G. von Derviz , vol. 8, 1847 - entrepreneur and philanthropist, music lover and musician himself. A gift from his son S.P. von Derviz, an organ built by the French master Aristide Cavallier-Cole , is installed in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory .
• A.N. Markovich , no. 12, 1851 - assistant to the chairman of the Russian Musical Society .
• A.A. Gerke , vol. 22, 1861 - pianist, member of the Russian Musical Society , friend of P.I. Tchaikovsky, son of the famous Russian pianist Anton Gerke .
• A.I. Tchaikovsky , vol. 30, 1869 - amateur musician, violinist, member of the directorate of the Tiflis Musical Society.
• M.I. Tchaikovsky , vol. 31, 1870 - music and theater critic, author of the libretto by P. I. Tchaikovsky’s operas The Queen of Spades and Iolanta and operas by other composers.
• P.N. Jacobi , vol. 59, 1898 - music lover, author of works on the work of P.I. Tchaikovsky, son of N. B. Jacobi (issue 20, 1859), classmate and friend of P.I. Tchaikovsky.

Pupils of the school - colloquially "jurists" - wore a green uniform and a triangular hat, in high school - swords . According to a popular legend, they called it “fawn-fawn” ^{[~ 6] [11] [12]} for the yellow buttonholes and cuff of the green uniform and the winter-worn fawn- cap of college students because of the shape colors that resemble the plumage of a siskin .

Comments

Notes

• Annenkova E.A. Imperial College of Law. - SPb. : LLC Rostok Publishing House, 2006. - 384 pp. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-94668-048-X .
• Arable N. Imperial School of Law and Jurists in the years of peace, war and turmoil . - Madrid: Publication of the Committee of the Jurisprudence, 1967. - 456 p. - 200 copies.

  The compiler is the pupil of the 78th issue Nikolai Pashenny. The most complete work published by the latest Jurists on the history of the School of Law. The complete alphabet of all Lawyers is 2,580 names and their brief biographies.

• Taneev V.I. Childhood. Youth. Thoughts about the future - M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1959, 716 p.
• School of Law // Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.

• History of the Imperial College of Law
• School of Law
• Fontanka Emb. 6
• The inauguration of the Imperial School of Law took place