Hesse, Eric Romanovich

Eric Romanovich Hesse was born in 1883 in Vyborg , the Grand Duchy of Finland , the Russian Empire . After graduating from high school in St. Petersburg, he entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy , from which he was graduated in 1907 and sent to work in the Obukhov hospital . In the Obukhov hospital, Hesse first worked as a radiologist , and then underwent surgical training under the direction of one of the leading surgeons of the Russian Empire at that time G.F. Zeidler , who headed the surgical department ^{[1] [4] [5] [6] [7]} .

In 1918, Hesse became the head of the hospital of the Holy Trinity Community of Sisters of Mercy, designed for 50 beds. Combining the positions of chief physician and head of the surgical department, E. R. Hesse restored the hospital after the devastation caused by the October Revolution and the Civil War , and achieved the expansion of the hospital bed capacity to 250 units. In 1922 this hospital was renamed the hospital “In memory of the 5th anniversary of the October Revolution” and became the most powerful hospital in Petrograd , which took over the functions of providing emergency surgical care to the population. In 1925, Hesse became a professor and head of the Department of General Surgery at the State Institute of Medical Knowledge (currently, I.I. Mechnikov North-West State Medical University ), having replaced S. S. Girgolava for this position, and part-time he began to carry out scientific management of the neurosurgery department of the Psychological and Neurological Institute named after V. M. Bekhterev , occupying the position of head of this department for 9 years. After the sudden death of I. I. Grekov in 1934, E. R. Hesse was elected head of the 1st Department of Surgery at the State Institute of Medical Knowledge ^{[1] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11 ] [12]} .

In 1930, on the false charge as a member of the German counter-revolutionary group, E. R. Hesse, an ethnic German , was arrested, but soon the case was dismissed ^{[4] [7] [11]} .

E. R. Hesse was one of the first organizers of blood transfusion stations in Leningrad . On September 16, 1931, the first of them was opened on the basis of the “In memory of the 5th anniversary of the October Revolution” hospital, and in June 1932 he proposed the transformation of a blood transfusion station into a scientific and practical institute for blood transfusion, which was opened in 1932 at the base of the hospital named after Uritsky and in 1933 was renamed the Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion . Initially, Hesse was the supervisor of the institute organized by him, and in 1934 he took the post of its director ^{[1] [6] [7] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]} .

On August 14, 1937, E. R. Hesse was again arrested on a false denunciation: he was accused of espionage and sabotage, which consisted of deliberately infecting donated blood with pathogenic bacteria, storing blood components in improper conditions, which rendered them unsuitable for use, as well as in the formation of the “ fifth column ” of doctors and ethnic Germans, ready in the event of a war with Germany to quickly carry out the orders sent from there. Suspicion was also caused by the fact that the son of E. R. Hesse was studying in Germany. On July 15, 1938, the Military Tribunal of the Leningrad Military District sentenced him to capital punishment under Articles 17-58-9, 58-6, parts 1, 58-11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ; the sentence was approved by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on August 29, 1938. E. R. Hesse was shot on November 26, 1938 in Leningrad. Posthumously fully rehabilitated in 1959 ^{[2] [4] [6] [7] [9] [11] [12] [17]} .

In neurosurgery and general surgery

E. R. Hesse is the author and editor of several practical guidelines on surgery. In 1935, the first two-volume manual “General Surgery” was published in the USSR, written by him together with S. S. Girgolav and V. A. Shaak; co-authored with them, he acted as editor-in-chief of a four-volume guide for doctors “Errors, Dangers, and Unforeseen Complications in the Treatment of Surgical Diseases,” published in 1936-1937. In 1937, the three-volume guide “Private Surgery” was published, in which Hesse wrote the chapters on surgery of the brain , diaphragm , heart , mediastinum , as well as tumors of the cranial nerves , injuries and injuries of the spine and spinal cord , inflammatory diseases of the spinal cord and its shells . Hesse was one of the first in the USSR to start developing the problems of surgery of the autonomic nervous system , which was the subject of his numerous scientific articles in medical journals and several monographs . He developed new operations on the autonomic nervous system, conducted a study of the changes that occur after desympathization of the limbs and organs ^{[1] [6] [12] [18]} .

Into Vascular Surgery

In 1921, E. R. Hesse, co-authored with V. A. Shaak, published a large fundamental article in the journal New Surgical Archive , “Anatomical, physiological, and clinical evaluation of safeno-femoral anastomosis in case of varicose veins of the lower extremities, covering long-term results based on 115 own observations ” ^[19] .

In blood transfusion

The contribution of E. R. Hesse to the development of transfusiology deserves special attention. Already in 1921, he began to use blood transfusion, and in 1926 at the XVIIIth Congress of Russian Surgeons in Moscow made a report “On the indications for blood transfusion”, in which he analyzed the country's largest experience in blood transfusion. In 1926, Hesse published an article “On the Organization of Professional Donation”. He developed the problems of post-transfusion complications: in 1932, in the journal “ Bulletin of Surgery and Border Regions ”, he published an article “Experimental observations on changes in the body during hemolysis and measures to combat the effects of hemolysis during blood transfusion, written by him and A. N. Filatov. ", And in 1933 the same authors published in the journal" Soviet Surgery "the article" Clinical confirmation of the treatment of hemolytic shock during blood transfusion according to our method. " Based on the materials of the last article, E. R. Hesse made a report at the Vth Congress on Blood Transfusion in Rome . This work was awarded the People’s Health Prize. In addition, Hesse was developing the problem of a universal donor. In 1935, under his editorship, the first volume of the bibliography on blood transfusion was published, which included 4423 works in Russian , French , English, and Italian ^{[1] [6] [11] [12] [14] [20]} .

E. R. Hesse created a large surgical scientific school . His students are many well-known surgeon scientists, including N. I. Blinov, L. G. Bogomolova, A. G. Mayants, N. G. Kartashevsky, S. M. Kurbangaleev, I. R. Petrov, A. N Filatov ^{[1] [6] [12]} .

After the death of I.I. Grekov, by the order of the Pirogov Surgical Society of March 8, 1934, E. R. Hesse was elected the new responsible editor of the scientific and practical medical journal " Bulletin of Surgery named after I.I. Grekov ." With him, the contents of the journal underwent a significant number of significant changes: a lot of attention, along with the issues of clinical and experimental surgery, began to be given to field surgery , traumatology , methodology , and the so-called “border areas” were relegated to the background due to the appearance of a number of specialized magazines; the number of sections of the journal increased from 5 to 14. The election of Hesse as the chief editor of the leading surgical journal testified to his high authority in scientific surgical circles ^{[1] [2]} .

In 1933 and 1936, Hesse organized scientific and practical conferences on blood transfusion, in which delegates from various cities of the Soviet Union took part. At the first such conference alone, 30 thematic reports of medical scientists from Leningrad, Moscow and other cities were heard. E. R. Hesse was one of the first in the USSR (after N. N. Elansky ) to voice the problem of organizing professional donation , offering to attract relatives of patients, medical students and other young people as donors, and either donate monetary compensation for donated blood, or provide extra days for vacation. He recommended the creation of special donor groups at medical institutions by organizing one of them at his clinic ^{[6] [11] [12] [21]} .

• The Hessian operation is a surgical operation used for benign narrowing of the esophagus, in which a Marvedel incision is first made with the left rib arch turned, then the abdominal esophagus is pulled downwards after its mobilization, and a long loop of the jejunum is carried out in front of the transverse colon , after which the small intestine is applied -esophageal anastomosis "side to side" with a three-story interrupted suture; at the final stage, Brown anastomosis is superimposed between the adductor and outlet knees of the jejunum ^[22] .

• Immortal names of our academy (rus.) // Vivat Academia. - SPb. : St. Petersburg State Medical Academy. I.I. Mechnikov, 2007. - No. 105 . - S. 4-5 . Archived on October 19, 2013.
• Grekova T. I. E. R. Hesse: unknown pages of a biography of a scientist // Germans in Russia: Russian-German dialogue: (Based on materials from the International Seminar “Germans in Russia: Russian-German Scientific and Cultural Relations”) / Otv. ed. G.I.Smagina. - SPb. : Dmitry Bulanin, 2001 .-- S. 124-137. - 552 s. - ISBN 5-86007-294-5 .
• Litmanovich K. Yu. Eric Romanovich Hesse - an outstanding surgeon and transfusiologist, founder of the Research Institute of Blood Transfusion (Rus.) // Bulletin of the Russian Blood Service. - M .: NP "Blood Service for People", 1998. - No. 4 . - S. 3-5 . - ISSN 2072-4071 .
• Sedov V.M., Zaitsev E.I. 125 years of the first Russian surgical journal (Rus.) // Bulletin of Surgery. I.I. Grekov. - SPb. : Aesculapius, 2010 .-- T. 169 , No. 1 . - S. 11-20 . - ISSN 0042-4625 .
• Filenko B.P., Lazarev S.M., Ivanov A.S. Role of Eric Romanovich Hesse in the establishment of surgery of the XX century // Medical professors of the USSR. Summary and abstracts of scientific conference reports. - M .: Publishing House "Russian Doctor", 2009. - S. 275-277. - 308 p. - 200 copies.

• Hesse Eric Romanovich (neopr.) . All-Russian Family Tree. Date of treatment February 19, 2013. Archived March 15, 2013.
• Hesse Eric Romanovich. Lists of citizens executed in the years 1937-1938 (neopr.) . The returned names. E-books of memory . Russian National Library. Date of treatment February 8, 2013. Archived February 13, 2013.
• Hesse Eric Romanovich (neopr.) . Branded by power . International historical and educational human rights and charitable society "Memorial". Date of treatment October 18, 2013.