Socionym (from Latin socius - public + other Greek. Όνυμα - name, name), or sociononym - social determinant, collective name, name of a social group used by people for group identification and stigmatization .
The concept proposed by A. S. Kustarev :
A “creative class” is a typical collective name, or a label (as Bourdieu said), or, as I propose to say, “socionim”, which is convenient and understandable next to the well-known concept of “ethnonym”.
The Russian writer G. B. Saltup used the term “sociononym” to refer to a professional military community of people united without taking into account ethnic and linguistic features:
According to one of the modern versions of the origin of the ethnonyms “Rus”, “Ros”, “Russians”, these words originally did not mean a specific people of Slavic origin by blood, with their own language, customs and culture, but “sociononym”, a compact group of people - representatives of different tribes and language groups, united in a kind of professional military (combat) community to perform common tasks. “Prince Igor with all his growth ...” - “Ros” here is a squad of soldiers from the most active representatives of the Slavs, Norwegians, Karelians, Danes, Mordovians, Khazars.
Content
History
The Label by P. Bourdieu
Application
A. S. Kustarev points out that socionims are used for the purposes of positive self-identification and negative stigmatization, as labels in the political struggle, as meaningful typological designations of targeted groups of political manipulation or marketing.
Logically, positive self-identification and negative stigmatization are two sides of the same coin. One and the same group is busy with both. The stigmatization of another group is an indispensable correlate of the positive self-identification of another group or individual. Therefore, laudatory “socionics” must be (and often are) paired with slanderous ones. This is especially noticeable in the opposition of the "intellectual bourgeois", which determined the social mood of at least one and a half centuries and still has not lost its energy.
- Kustarev A.S. The intelligentsia as a topic of public debate // Kustarev A.S. Nervous people. M., 2006.
Socionym Functions
Socionics, according to A. S. Kustarev, differ in prestigious status, ethical, aesthetic shades:
The concepts of "aristocrat" ("nobleman", "know"), "gentleman", "priest", "bourgeois (bourgeois)", "petty bourgeois (bourgeois)", "businessman", "tradesman", "lumpen", " intellectual ”,“ intellectual ”,“ white collar ”,“ professional ”,“ official ”,“ manager ”,“ yuppie ”,“ new Russian ”,“ peasant ”,“ peasant ”,“ urka ”,“ fraer ”,“ hard worker ”,“ party ”,“ techie ”and“ humanities ”, (“ physicist ”and“ lyricist ”),“ clerk ”,“ fist ”and“ poor man ”,“ believer ”and“ atheist ”,“ Bolshevik ”and“ Menshevik ”,“ hipster ”,“ bohemian ”, or“ bobo ”(abbreviation bourgeois bohemian),“ punk ”,“ pallets ”- all these social nye qualifiers at different times and in different societies and are used instrumentally in the social conflicts, political struggles, economic competition, the status of competition, cultural (subculture) expansion.
- Kustarev A. S. Socionima: creative class // The untouchable reserve. - 2012. - Issue. 3 (83).
Evaluation Function
The evaluative function of different determinants of socionyms, according to A. S. Kustarev, depends on who uses them and under what circumstances (in conversation with “friends” or “strangers”); at the same time they mean themselves or someone else:
The word “intellectual” in different circumstances and contexts may sound proud, humiliating, ironic. The significance of socionim is variable (like an electric charge), and as a result, it is more or less effective as an instrument of self-affirmation or stigmatization of others. These or other labels-socionics become common and, conversely, go out of use (temporarily or forever).
- Kustarev A. S. Socionima: creative class // The untouchable reserve. - 2012. - Issue. 3 (83).
Socionym update in time
The list of used socionyms is updated as socio-economic and political-legal systems change.
The system of collective names, or, as Bourdieu said, “labels”, or, say, socionyms, is being updated. And now we hear less and less: "bourgeoisie", "working class", "intelligentsia". And more and more often: “creative class”, “oligarchs”, “office plankton”.
- Kustarev A. S. Socionima: creative class // The untouchable reserve. - 2012. - Issue. 3 (83).
Social Conversion
Some socionims in certain situations can become political names and even ethnonyms . For example, the modern political name Kazakhstanis and ethnonyms Kazakhs and Cossacks go back to a single socionym, which in Turkic and East Slavic languages was called free people, not bound by any obligations. The ethnonyms “ Latvians ” and “ Chuvash ” go back to the corresponding socionyms of the 16th – 17th centuries, by which they called non-Russian peasants . An article by I.P. Ermolaev on this occasion says:
The heavy non-Russian population of local origin was usually called the Chuvashs , and the non-Russian population of the western regions was called “Latvians”. Peasant households (Russian peasants) in the feudal estates are indicated separately from the “Chuvash” and “Latvian”.
- The scribal book of the Kazan county 1602-1603 years: publ. text / Comp. R.N. Stepanov, articles by Ermolaev I.P., Stepanova R.N. - Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. Univ., 1978.- S. 17-18.
S. K. Belykh connects the origin of the ethnonym Chuvash and the exo- ethnonym Cheremis with the socionims used in the Volga Bulgaria for the taxable and military service population.
The most probable assumption about the origin of the Volga-Turkic name for the Mari (Tat. Chirmesh , Chuv. Мarmăc ) seems to be a hypothesis about its connection with the Türkic root * čer- 'fight, fight'. Apparently, the old Russian name for the Mari - Cheremis comes from the same Volga-Turkic source [8].
It seems very likely and logical that the Volga Bulgars, and later the Kazan Tatars, divided the non-Muslim population subordinate to them into “peaceful” and “non-peaceful” foreigners - “Chuvashs” and “Cheremis”. Thus, the population of the right bank of the Volga - the Mountain side (the ancestors of the present-day Chuvashs), as well as the non-Muslim population of Zakazanye, the Arsk land - the Chuvash of Arsk, completely legitimately fell into the category of “peaceful,” ie Chuvashs. The population of this latter region was ethnically very diverse in the Volga-Bulgarian, and Golden Horde, and Kazan Khanate epochs.
- Belykh S.K. To the question of the origin of the self-name of Besermans. // VIII Petryaev readings. Materials of the scientific conference (February 24–25). - Kirov, 2005.
The etymology of the modern ethnonym of the Persian-speaking Tata people is associated with the Turkic socionym, used in Transcaucasia since the Middle Ages to refer to the local settled non-Turkic population [1] .
The name of the Tata, it seems, is not the actual designation of a famous people, but is only a definition of its lifestyle and social status: in the Jagatai dialect of the Turkic language, the word tat has the meaning of a citizen living or serving with the nobleman, and the Turkic nomadic tribes gave this name to all enslaved them to the peoples leading a sedentary lifestyle. The tats were withdrawn from Persia at different times to the once-transcaucasian Caspian provinces to fight the northern peoples.
- Tats. // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary.
Over time, this socionym Persians of the Caucasus began to apply themselves in relation to themselves. The term "tat", "tati" as a self-name is used by the majority of the Tatian population of Azerbaijan and South Dagestan.
As follows from the annals, the state of the eastern Slavs Rus got its name from the Varangians-Rus . Old Russian chroniclers, the earliest of which was the monk of the beginning of the 12th century, Nestor , simply noted that “the Russian land was nicknamed the Varangians”. According to Norman theory, the origin of the politonym and ethnonym Rus is derived from the Old Icelandic socionim Róþsmenn or Róþskarlar - “rowers, seafarers” or the word “ruotsi / rootsi” among Finns and Estonians , which means Sweden in their languages, and which, as some linguists claim, it should have turned into "Rus" when borrowing this word in Slavic languages [2] .
At one time, in a similar way, the ethnonym Rus, arising from the Scandinavian social term, originally referring to the Varangians who settled in the north of Eastern Europe, became the name of the state of Russia, in which the Varangians-Rus constituted the ruling stratum of princely vigilantes. The power of the Kiev prince rested on this layer, which is clearly stated in The Tale of Bygone Years. The name Rus gradually superseded the tribal names of the Eastern Slavs (25), and after the collapse of Kievan Rus, it remained for the Russians, Carpathian Ukrainians - Rusyns and in the name of the country Belarus.
- Bushakov V. A. Ethnonym "Tatars" in time and space. // Qasevet. - 1994. - No. 1 (23). - S. 24-29.
See also
- Ethnonym
- Political name
- Cultural name
- Denominational
- Social stratification
- Religious stratification
- Caste
- Social hierarchy
- Social status
- Estate
- Social class
- Subcultural group role
- Subculture
Notes
- ↑ G.A. Guliev. The peoples of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Tats / Edited by B.A. Gardanov, A.N. Guliyev, S.T. Eremyan, L.I. Lavrov, G.A. Nersesov, G.S. Chitaya. - Peoples of the Caucasus: Ethnographic essays : Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1962. - T. 2 . - S. 181 .
- ↑ The etymological dictionary of M. Fasmer (the word Rus ); Melnikova E. A., Petrukhin V. Ya. The name “Rus” in the ethnocultural history of the ancient Russian state (IX — X centuries) // History. - 1989. - No. 8.
Literature
- Kustarev A. S. Nervous people: Essays on the intelligentsia. - M.: Partnership of scientific publications of KMK, 2006. - 374 p. - ISBN 5-87317-275-7
- Saltup G. B. Nationalist provocation // Day of Literature. - 2006. - May 19 (No. 5 (117)).
- Kustarev A. S. Prestigious socionim. Self-determination of prosperous intellectuals . - Terra America.
- Kustarev A. S. Intelligentsia as a topic of public debate // Kustarev A. S. Nervous people: Essays on the intelligentsia. - M., 2006.
- Kustarev A. S. Socionima: creative class // Inviolable stock . - 2012. - Issue. 3 (83).