Ramovsh, Fran

Father - Franz, mother - Maria (Tomshich). He attended school in the small town of Borovnitsa near Ljubljana , where the family moved in 1884 , in 1902-1910 he studied at the 2nd Ljubljana gymnasium. Already in the gymnasium he became acquainted with the Brief Grammar of the Indo-European languages ​​of Brugman ^[2] . Prompted by a friend, Ivan Tsankar , a Slovenian writer, he began writing under the pseudonym Yuri Dub ( Sloven . Julij Dub ) and published in the periodical Ljubljansky Bell ( Ljubljanski zvon ) in 1910 and 1912 . He studied linguistics in Vienna in 1910 with professors Mayer- Lubka, Kretschmeyer, Yagic , Vondrak , Reshetar, and others, and in Graz in 1911-1914 under professors Mehringer and Schuchardt . Already in 1911, Fran Ramovsh became an assistant professor. Mehringer, in the same year, wrote a doctoral dissertation on the reflexes of Slavonic reduced vowels in the Slovene language. In the third and fourth year of study at the university, he conducted seminars, took tests in comparative historical linguistics, and wrote a habilitation essay on the modern reduction of vowels in the Slovene language . On holidays in 1913, he traveled around Germany and Denmark , studied Slovenian Protestant publications. In July 1914 he defended his thesis in Graz. The publication of the thesis at the Slavica publishing house in Heidelberg was prevented by the outbreak of the First World War . Despite poor health, Fran Ramovsh was mobilized to the front, but a few months later he was demobilized, after which he was treated at a clinic in Vienna.
With the help of Yagic, Ramov's dissertation was published as a separate publication in 1918 , at the beginning of the same year he gave a lecture at the University of Graz on toponyms in Friuli ( Sloven . Furlanija ) - a historical region in northern Italy, where the Slavs have long lived (they still make up in some cities of Friuli, a large percentage of the population), Ramovsha’s academic degree was confirmed in May 1918 , and, on the recommendation of Yagich, he was appointed a professor at the University of Chernivtsi , which was then part of Austria-Hungary . At the same time, F. Ramovsha was invited to the University of Graz as a privat-docent for conducting courses in Slavic studies. All these plans did not materialize due to the collapse of Austria-Hungary .

Returning from Graz to Slovenia, Ramovsh joined in the creation of a higher school in Ljubljana, and in December 1918 became the secretary of the commission for the creation of a university in Ljubljana. A year later, on December 3, 1919 , he gave the first lecture at the newly opened University of Ljubljana (this day is traditionally celebrated as the university’s opening date). During the first two years he was the secretary of the university and elaborated in detail the structure of his activities.
Soon he became one of the main organizers of the “Association of Humanistic Sciences” (ZDHV) in Ljubljana 1921 and the first secretary of this society, which soon set as its main goal the creation of an academy of sciences in Slovenia. From 1924 to 1938 . Ramovš was one of the enthusiasts and fighters for the creation of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts ^[3] .
Being one of the first professors of the Slovenian language at the University of Ljubljana, he taught historical grammar , accentology , general phonetics , and pre-Slavonic language for many years; moreover, he taught comparative historical Indo-European studies for two years.

Fascinated by the work of creating a system of higher philological education in Slovenia, in 1923 he refused an invitation to lecture at the University of Vienna , 4 years later, in 1927, he refused to lecture in Prague.
Fran Ramovsch was dean of the Faculty of Philosophy ( 1926 - 1927 ) and rector of the University of Ljubljana ( 1934 ). Being a rector, he proposed a plan for the creation of the Academy of Sciences, and, since he was rejected, he refused from the rector’s office. In the autumn of 1945, work began on the reorganization of the Academy. On October 2, at the Academy meeting, the Commission for the Compilation of the Dictionary of Slovenian Language, Linguistic Atlas, Topographical Dictionary, Dictionary of Slovenian Surnames, etc. were established. The working plan for the study of the Slovene language (draft) was presented by F. Ramowsch on October 3, 1945 , and a letter to the Minister of Education of Slovenia, the plan was detailed ^[4] . May 15, 1950 Fran Ramovsh was elected fourth chairman of the Academy and remained until his death in 1952 .
Ramovš was the editor or co-editor of many publications of the Slovenian Academy of Arts and Sciences. For his extremely fruitful work, F. Ramovš received recognition both in Slovenia and abroad: he was a corresponding member of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in London ( 1925 ), a corresponding member of the Yugoslav Academy of Arts and Sciences ( subsequently the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts ) in Zagreb ( 1926 ), the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Belgrade ( 1929 ), the Slavic Institute in Prague ( 1929 ), the Czech Royal Scientific Society ( Královské české společnosti nauk ) in Prague ( 1935 ), the Polish Academy Sciences in Krakow ( 1935 ) and A American Association of Modern Linguistics ( Modern Linguistic Association of America ) ( 1948 ).

In his first linguistic studies, Ramovsh stood on the positions of young grammar makers , whose theoretical concepts no longer met the requirements of developing science. Ramovsh began to look for his way in linguistics, different from the path of his teacher, Hugo Schuhardt ( 1842 - 1927 ). From the very beginning, he associated his scientific activity with Slovenics. Initially, he dealt with issues of the interaction of the Slovenian language with the Romance and Germanic languages ​​(adverbs) in the areas of language contact in order to establish the substitution of sounds. Establishing possible phonetic combinations in the historical development of the sound system of the Slovene language, traced the development of individual sounds in different eras and in various dialects, greatly developing the original method of G. Schuchardt's substitutions. Interest in phonetic processes prompted Ramovsha to undertake a detailed study of phonetics based on the works of Sievers, Otto Jespersen and others, and to transfer the methods of modern phonetics and phonetic methods to the study of the history of the language, creating the necessary Slovenian linguistic terminology.

The works of Franz Ramovš in the field of historical grammar of the Slovene language

Ramovsh began working on the historical grammar of the Slovene language from the first steps in science. Already during his studies at the University of Vienna and Graz, he systematically painted all Slovenian texts from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 19th centuries. to develop questions of the history of the language, especially the development of phonetics and morphology. In parallel with this, he recorded Slovenian dialects. The result of many years of work was the appearance of the work 'Slowenische Studien , published in the journal Archiv für slavische Philologie , XXXVII ( 1918 , 1920 ). This work, devoted to a comprehensive consideration of the issue of reduction in the Slovenian language in history and dialects, marked the beginning of a new era in Slovenian linguistics. Following him, other articles by Ramows began to be published on certain problems of the history of the language in scientific journals in Slovenia ( Časopis za slovenski jezik, književnost in zgodovino , Razprave Znanstvenega društva za humanistične vede , Slavistična revija ) and beyond (for a study , I have to do , I have , I , I , I , I , I , I , I , I am like , Revue des Etudes slaves (Paris), Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie (Heidelberg), Južnoslovenski filolog (Belgrade) and others. The articles became the preparatory stages for the creation of the historical grammar of the Slovene language. Ramovsh supposed to write several books, but he wrote them in the wrong order, which was supposed to be in the original plan.

In the second book of the series called “Consonantism” ( Konzonantizem 1924 ) almost all the issues of the dialectal development of Slovenian consonants are solved. The Slovenian vowels, the history of the development of which is closely connected with the history of stress in numerous Slovenian dialects, represent a very complex scientific problem, therefore the book on vocalism was never written. However, the system of Slovenian vocalism in its development Ramovsh (for the first time in Slovenism) presented in his best book A Brief History of the Slovene Language ( Kratka zgodoviná slovenskega jezika, I , 1936 ). The scientist linked the dialect reflexes with the historical development of sounds, and, proceeding from the system of the Proto-Slavic language, he traced the development of individual vowels up to their representation in the modern Slovenian dialect language. In addition, the Slovenian vowels and their stories were devoted to the work of Ramowsch “Relative chronology of phenomena in the field of Slovenian accent ne ” ( Relativna kronologija slovenskih akcentskih pojavov , 1950 ) and “The main line in the formation of Slovene vocalism” ( Osnovna črta v oblikovanju slovenskeke vekalizma ”( Osnovna črta v oblikovanju slovenskeke evangeal vocalism”) in which the law of quality of a vowel on quantitative characteristics is established.

The study of the history of the Slovenian language also includes the critical edition of the Freising fragments ( Brižinski spomeniki , 10th-11th centuries), prepared by Fran Ramowsch and Milko Kos in 1937 , where the phonetic transcription of the monument proposed by Ramow was published. researchers, only minimal edits. In the preface to the publication Ramovsh proves that the language of the monument is Slovenian and that the transitional period from the Proto-Slavic dialect to the Slovene was completed in the middle of the 8th century.

Fran Ramowsch and Slovenian Dialectology

Most of the scientific heritage of F. Ramovš is associated with the Slovenian dialectology . Prior to his work in this area, there was no exact knowledge of the dissection of the Slovene dialect language. Fran Ramovsch created a detailed plan for the systematic fixation of dialect phenomena, while drawing attention to the need to take into account such factors as social conditions, colonization, geomorphology (landscape), the influence of other languages ​​and assimilative processes, as well as the nature of the population’s life in certain localities ("life temperament" ).

The scientist himself collected dialectal data from the field of phonetics and morphology in his travels in Slovenia, studied all the earlier studies and notes on Slovenian dialects, wrote down information about dialects from his students and listeners. Summarizing the accumulated data and taking into account the known historical, administrative and geomorphological factors, he created the first classification of Slovenian dialects based on the most important phonetic and morphological features of Slovenian dialects. This classification has been largely retained (with the refinements made in the second half of the twentieth century, first by Jozhe Toporishic , then by Tina Logar and Jacob Riegler. In 1931 the “Dialectological map of Slovenian language” ( Dialektološka karta slovenskega jezika ) appeared.

In the book "Dialects" ( Dialekti , 1935 ), which Ramovsha intended, was to represent the seventh part of his "Historical Grammar of the Slovene Language", separate Slovene dialects and dialect groups are described in detail, as well as a schematic map of adverbs. A brief description of Slovenian dialects with a map is also presented in the “Short history of the Slovene language” ( Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika I ). In the book “Folklore from the Roza” ( Narodno blago iz Roža , Maribor, 1936 - 1937 ), Ramovsh, in collaboration with Chashel, showed the connection of adverbs with folklore.

Working on the dialectological map of Slovenia, Ramovš concluded that it was necessary to create a Slovenian linguistic atlas. During the war years, he created a questionnaire and a grid of settlements for the future atlas. The idea began to take shape in the 1950s, when conditions were created for the systematic work on creating an atlas. ^[5] .

The works of Fran Ramsovs on the rationing of the Slovene language

After the creation of the University of Ljubljana, Fran Ramovsch became one of the most authoritative experts in the field of the Slovenian literary language. His attitude towards him was not traditionally puristic. Ramovsh was very careful in evaluating neologisms , although he sharply opposed the unjustified borrowing of constructions and lexemes that were alien to the Slovenian language. He implemented these principles in the “Orthographic Rules of the Slovene Language” ( Slovenski pravopis , 1935 ; school publications — 1937 , 1938 ; extended and revised edition — 1950 ), acting as an organizer and editor of the publication. In 1950, he was awarded the highest prize of Slovenia - the Preschern Prize for his scientific work and for organizing the creation of the Orthographic Rules of the Slovene language.

The work on the rationing of the modern Slovenian language led Ramovša to an understanding of the need to create a large dictionary of the Slovene literary language, the Slovene etymological dictionary and the Slovene historical dictionary. The preparation of dictionaries began immediately after the war, and 25 years later, the first volume of the “Dictionary of the Slovenian literary language” appeared ( Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika , 1970 - 1991 ). In 1976 - 2007 There were also 4 volumes of the etymological dictionary, which on the initiative of Ramovsh began to create F. Bezlai , and M. Snoy and M. Furlan graduated. Fran Ramovš was also engaged in the creation of terminology for various fields of science, establishing the Terminology Commission of the Slovenian Academy of Arts and Sciences for these purposes.

• Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika II: Konzonantizem. Ljubljana 1924.
• Dialektološka karta slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana 1931.
• Über die Stellung des Slovenischen im Kreise der slavischen Sprachen. Annales Academiae scientarium Fennicae, serija B 27. Helsinki 1932. 218–238.
• Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika VII. Dialekti. Ljubljana 1935.
• Slovenski pravopis. Ljubljana 1935 (z Antonom Breznikom).
• Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika 1. Ljubljana 1936.
• Komisija za etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. LSAZU 1, 1938/42, 1943. 352–359.
• Poročilo, podano na svečani seji glavne skupščine dne 8. februarja 1946. LSAZU 2, 1943/47, 1947. 136–143.
• Relativna kronologija slovenskih akcentskih pojavov. Slavistična revija, Ljubljana 1950. 16–23.
• Morfologija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: DZS za Univerzitetno Študijsko komisijo 195.

• France Bezlaj: Fran Ramovš: Pogled na njegovo delo. SR 3 (1950). 225–236.
• Jakob Šolar: Fran Ramovš: Življenje. SR 2 (1950). 441–445.
• Rajko Nahtigal: Prof. Ramovš o sebi od doktorata do docenture v Gradcu. SR 5/7 (1954). 9–40.
• Rajko Nahtigal: Pisma prof. Ramovša od docenture do profesure. SR 8 (1955). 90-104, 232-246.
• Janez Rotar: Pisma profesorja Frana Ramovša dr. Želmíri Gašparíkovi. RSAZU 2. razred 12, 1989. 129–172.
• Zvonko Bizjak: Bibliografija Frana Ramovša. RSAZU 2. razred 13, 1990. 283–291.
• Franc Jakopin: Fran Ramovš kot imenoslovec. RSAZU 2. razred 13, 1990. 5–12.
• Korespondenca med Franom Ramovšem in Aleksandrom Belićem. Ur. J. Rotar. Ljubljana, 1990.
• Franc Jakopin: Delo Frana Ramovša za Slovensko akademijo znanosti in umetnosti. Jezikoslovni zapiski 1. Ljubljana, 1991. 19–24.
• Jože Toporišič: Breznik-Ramovšev Slovenski pravopis. Zborovanje slavistov ob stoletnici rojstva Frana Ramovša. Ur. M. Orožen, I. Orel-Pogačnik. Ljubljana, 1991. 34–47.
• Tine Logar. Pomen Frana Ramovša za slovenistiko. - Sedemdeset let slovenske slovenistike (Zbornik slavističnega društva Slovenije). Ljubljana, 1990. 13-17.
• Ramovšev zbornik. SR 42 (1994), št. 2/3.

• The page on the website of the Slavonic Society of Slovenia (Slavistično društvo Slovenije) (Slovenian.)
• Page in the Slovenian Biographical Dictionary (Slovenian.)