Karlsruhe

According to legend, the idea of ​​founding a city arose at Margrave Charles III of William III in 1715, when he, weary of hunting, fell asleep under a tree in one of the local meadows and dreamed of his own city, which was “Charles Silence” (German Ruhe “silence, peace "). The city began to be built on the territory between three ancient (older than the 10th century) settlements: Mülburg , Durlach and Ettlingen , of which the first two became parts of it as the city expanded. Subsequently, Karlsruhe became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Baden , which largely determines the identity of its inhabitants to this day. During the First World War, the city was attacked by French aircraft. As a result of the bombing, more than a hundred civilians were killed and injured ^[5] . During World War II, a significant part of the city was affected by the Allied bombing.

The founder of the city, Charles III Wilhelm, left his mark not only in the name of the city, but also in its unusual development: the Margrave expressed the wish that all the main streets of his city be radially diverged away from the central baroque palace (1752–82, architects L F. de la Gepierre, F. A. Keslau). 32 ray streets of the central part of the city were later connected by two ring roads. Since then, the capital of the Baden region has been called a fan city. There is also a hypothesis about the astromorphic origin of the city's layout: in accordance with this hypothesis, the constellation Sextant, highlighted in the starry sky shortly before the founding of the city, served as a star prototype of the city.

In the first third of the 19th century, the architect Friedrich Weinbrenner built up Karlsruhe with classic buildings. The southern part of the city is the new Karlsruhe with buildings of the XIX - XX centuries . In the middle of the city on the Market Square there is the pyramid that has become the symbol of the city, under which the founder of the city, Margrave Karl Wilhelm, is buried.

The city's sights, in addition to the main palace and museums, include numerous architectural ensembles of various eras - such as the Gottesau Castle , which houses the Karlsruhe Higher School of Music , the Palace of Prince Max , which currently houses the city ​​museum , or the Grand Ducal Palace , which houses Supreme Court of Germany . In the Durlach district, it is interesting to visit Carlsburg Castle and the ruins of a fortress on Mount Turmberg . Various districts of the city are decorated with numerous church . Among them are the Protestant churches of Christuskirche , Lutherkirche and the City Church, the Catholic churches of St. Stephen, St. Boniface and St. Bernard.
Museums in the city offer numerous permanent and seasonal displays. In the building of the main palace is the Museum of the State of Baden , which has numerous cultural and historical exhibits and collections of antiquities covering a period of more than 5500 years. The State Art Museum presents works by mainly German, French and Dutch masters of the last seven centuries. One of the largest German natural science museums, the State Museum of Natural History shows fossils, minerals, stuffed animals and skeletons of modern and extinct animals; There is a large exposition of live exotic individuals. The Museum of Multimedia Art has a very rich collection ( German: Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie (ZKM) ). The city has one of the oldest Botanical Gardens and a zoo in Europe. The city is well landscaped, at the services of residents of the city are numerous park areas. Among them, one can distinguish the Gunther Klotz Park, which stretches along the Alb River in the city. Every year in July a music festival is held here, gathering more than 200,000 spectators.

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  Synagogue in Karlsruhe. Bird's-eye view

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  Christuskirche

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  Lutherkirche

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  City Church

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  St. Stephen's Church

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  Church of St. Boniface

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  church of st bernard

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  Monument to Karl Friedrich in front of the palace in Karlsruhe

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  Monument to Soviet citizens victims of fascism

The city has monuments to several of its famous residents. On the market square near the town hall there is a pyramid installed above the tomb of the founder of the city, Margrave Karl Wilhelm. In the center of the city there are monuments to the grandson of the founder of Kalsruhe, Karl Friedrich of Baden , one of the most enlightened monarchs in Europe, as well as his grandson Karl Ludwig Friedrich , who greatly contributed to the development of city architecture. On one of the green alleys of the city there are monuments to the famous Karlsruhe inventors Karl von Drez (the invention of the bicycle in 1817) and Karl Benz (invention of the car in 1885). There is also a monument to the founder of scientific methods in mechanical engineering, Professor Franz Grasgof , who taught applied mechanics at the University of Karlsruhe in the second half of the 19th century. A monument to Heinrich Hertz , who discovered electromagnetic waves here in 1886, was erected on the campus

There is a monument to Soviet citizens who were victims of fascism (mainly prisoners of war) in a Jewish cemetery ( German: jüdischer Friedhof ).

In Karlsruhe there are various enterprises of transport and electrical engineering, oil refining, metalworking, chemical, printing, food processing. Karlsruhe is Germany's second largest river port. The city has the second largest MiRO oil refinery in Germany. The third largest energy company in the country, EnBW , headquartered in Karlsruhe, owns a large steam and gas turbine power plant located in the city with a capacity of more than 1 GW. The city has one of the largest branches of Siemens , the largest non-state employer in Karlsruhe. There are also large branches of L'Oréal and Michelin .

The University of Karlsruhe (founded in 1825, 18,245 students on November 30, 2005) is the oldest technical higher education institution in Germany and is one of the best higher education institutions in such fields as mechanical engineering , computer science and electrical engineering . In 2009, it was merged with the research center (German Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe), located 10 km north of Karlsruhe, founded in 1956. The joint higher educational institution is called the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT , German: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, English Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) by analogy with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .

The Baden State Theater , founded in 1808, is located in Karlsruhe. The new theater building was built in 1975 .

In Karlsruhe, the State Academy of Arts is located .

The first International Congress of Chemists was held in Karlsruhe in 1860, where the clear formulations of the atom and molecule were first determined.

Since 1998, Karlsruhe has hosted the Independent Days International Filmfest (IDIF) .

Karlsruhe is widely known in the transport community as a world pioneer in the concept of using railways by trams in order to create a more efficient and convenient public transport system (see tram train ). The implemented system allows you to get to neighboring cities ( Ettlingen , Bad Herrenalb , Pforzheim , Bad Wildbad , Bretten , Bruchsal , Heilbronn , Baden-Baden and even Freudenstadt in the Black Forest ) directly from the city center with a regular tram stop. In the city center, tram lines are hidden underground in tunnels, stops also at underground levels.

Karlsruhe is connected by high-speed railways ( ICE ) and highways ( A5 and A8 autobahns) with Frankfurt , Stuttgart and further with Munich and Freiburg , then Basel ( Switzerland ). The West-East A8 Autobahn starts from the city of Karlsruhe.

The nearest airport is south of the city towards Baden-Baden (30 km from Karlsruhe) and is officially called the “ Karlsruhe and Baden-Baden Airport ”, with regular flights to Berlin , London , Rome , Barcelona and other cities (passenger traffic amounted to 2006, 835,809 people). Major airports in Frankfurt and Stuttgart are also within a couple of hours by car or train.

One of the railway directorates Deutsche Bundesbahn ^[6] and Deutsche Bundespost was located in Karlsruhe.

Every year, the Europahalle building hosts international indoor athletics competitions . Rock and Roll World Championships are regularly held here.

In the city there is a football club Karlsruher SC , the champion of Germany in 1909 and the holder of the German Cup in 1955 and 1956. In the late 1980s - early 1990s. as part of the UEFA Cup, he was known as a thunderstorm of authority, defeating the Spanish “Valencia” with a score of 7-0. In Karlsruhe, Mehmet Scholl , Jens Novotny and the legendary goalkeeper Oliver Kahn began their football career.

Also in the city there are basketball and handball teams. Freestyle competitions are held.

Every 2 years (odd years 2011, 2013, 2015,2017, 2019, etc.), an international summer camp in Philippine martial arts organized by Deutscher Arnis Verband is held in August

Karlsruhe is a sister city of the following cities ^[7] :

•   Nancy , France (1955)
•   Nottingham , United Kingdom (1969)
•   Halle , Germany (1987)
•   Timisoara , Romania ^[8] (1992)
•   Krasnodar , Russia (1998)

• Elizaveta Alekseevna - Russian Empress, wife of Emperor Alexander I.
• Klaus Uwe Benneter is a German socialist politician.
• Karl Friedrich Benz - German engineer, inventor, pioneer of the automotive industry. One of the founders of the automobile company Daimler-Benz AG (now Daimler AG ).
• Karl Wittlinger is a German playwright.
• Carl von Dreis is an outstanding German inventor of the Biedermeier era. The main invention is considered to be the “ trolley" (the prototype of a modern two-wheeled bicycle and a children's runbike ).
• Muhammad Suichmez is a German virtuoso guitarist of Turkish origin.
• Oliver Rolf Kahn - German football goalkeeper, four-time best goalkeeper in the world and Europe (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002), two-time best goalkeeper in Germany (2000, 2001), five-time best goalkeeper in the Bundesliga (1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001), best player and goalkeeper of the World Cup 2002.

• Karlsruhe // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

• Official Website of Karlsruhe (German)
• Center for Scientific Research (Forschungszentrum) in Karlsruhe (German )
• City wiki Karlsruhe (German) (English) (French) (Russian)