As a result of the spread of Wahhabi ideas, in the middle of the 18th century the first centralized feudal theocratic Saudi state was created with its center in the city of Ad-Diriya , which by 1780 had taken control of the entire territory of Nejd . The coast of the Persian Gulf ( Al-Hasa ), Kuwait and Bahrain ( 1803 ) and the internal regions of Oman were successively captured. In 1802, the Wahhabis attacked Karbala , in 1803 captured Mecca , in 1804 - Medina . By 1806, they took control of the entire Hijaz . The expansion of Wahhabism dealt a serious blow to the prestige of the Ottoman Sultan as a "defender of the holy cities." In addition, the Wahhabis began to obstruct pilgrims performing hajj , attacked caravans and began to pose a certain threat to the economy of the Ottoman Empire . Under these conditions, the Ottoman sultan Mustafa IV , who was mainly engaged in affairs in the European part of the empire, instructed in December 1807 to solve the problem of the threat of Wahhabism by force by his vassal Muhammad Ali Pasha . On September 3, 1810, the Egyptian troops announced in Hijaz: the head of the land forces was the sixteen-year-old son of Ali Pasha Tusun Bey . At the end of 1812, Egyptian troops went on the offensive, as a result of which Medina was taken in November 1812, and in January 1813 a victory was won near Jeddah . After this, the troops of Muhammad Ali approached Mecca [1] .
The army of Saudi Arabia, out of 1,000 militias, surrendered almost without a fight to the army of thousands of Muhammad Ali of Egypt .
