Sayyid Ahmad I

Halim-Girey considers Said-Akhmed the cousin of the first Crimean khan Hadji Girey , that is, the son of Toktamysh . In Muiz al-An-sab , Said-Ahmed was named among the sons of Tokhtamysh . In the message of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Svidrigailo to the Teutonic Master, Said-Ahmed was called “Sydachmatch Bexubowitz”. During the negotiations between Svidrigailo and the Polish king Vladislav Jagello, the first mentions that the son of the Tatar emperor was with him. Thus, we can assume that Said-Ahmed is the son of Toktamysh . According to the Russian historian V. Trepavlov , Said-Ahmed was born and raised in Lithuania .

Born and raised on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ^[2] . In the early 1430s, Seyid-Ahmed, with the help of Ayder-Bey Kungrat, came to power in the Crimea , then supported the Grand Duke of Lithuania Svidrigailo Olgerdovich in his struggle for power in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and was at enmity with Ulu-Muhammed . Together with him and Kichi-Mohammed was among the three khans of the Golden Horde , whom in 1434 the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II the Dark paid a tribute. He controlled the territory between the Dnieper and the Volga.

Seyid-Ahmed fought with the khans Haji Gerai , Ulu-Muhammad and Kichi-Muhammad . Between 1436 and 1437, Seyid-Ahmed and Kichi-Muhammad attacked the property of Ulu -Muhammed from different sides, who was defeated and was forced to flee to the southern border of the Moscow principality. In 1441, Seyid-Ahmed lost power over the Crimea and began the struggle with Kichi-Mohammed for the Northern Black Sea and Volga regions .

Seyid-Ahmed is known for his numerous raids on the border of Polish-Lithuanian lands. In 1438, Seyid-Ahmed ravaged Podillia and defeated the Polish army under the command of the elder Mikhail Buchatsky. In 1448 - 1451, the khan of the Great Horde, Seyid-Ahmed, rendered military support to Mikhail Sigismundovich in the fight against Kazimir Jagiellonchik for the princely throne. In September 1448, Seyid-Ahmed with the Tatar army devastated Podillia and captured a large number of prisoners. According to Y. Dlugosh , in 1449 Mikhail Sigizmundovich with the Tatar allied army captured Starodub , Novgorod-Seversky , Kiev and several other border cities. In 1450, Seyid-Ahmed ravaged the Podolsk and Russian voivodships, capturing a large "full". In 1452, the Tatar "corrals" of Seyid-Ahmed twice attacked Podolia and reached Lviv . In 1453, Seyid-Ahmed ravaged the surroundings of Terebovlya. In 1453, the Big Horde invaded southern Lithuanian possessions and ravaged the Lutsk land, capturing nine thousand people.

In the late 1440s, the khan of the Great Horde, Seyid-Ahmed, began military operations against the Grand Duchy of Moscow ^[3] . In 1449, the Sedyadakhmatov’s ambassadorial Tatars attacked the southern Moscow lands, but on the Pakhra River they were defeated by service Tatars under the command of Tsarevich Kasim , who left Zvenigorod ^[3] . In 1450, Tatar detachments led by Malymberdey attempted to attack the southern Russian lands, but were met and defeated by Russian regiments in a battle on the Bityug River ^[4] . In June 1451, the son of Seyid-Ahmed Mazovsh with cavalry was able to cross the river. Oku and broke through to Moscow ^[4] . The Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark with his family fled from the capital for the Volga ^[4] . The Horde set fire to the villages, but were recaptured from the Kremlin and retreated at night ^[4] . In 1455, the Seidakhmetov Tatars crossed the Oka River below Kolomna, but were defeated ^[4] . In 1459, the Tatars of the Horde Seyid-Akhmet (their leader himself at that time was in captivity in Lithuania) made their last raid on Moscow possessions ^[4] . The Horde went to the river. Oka, but the Russian army under the leadership of Grand Duke Ivan , the eldest son and co-ruler of Vasily the Dark , did not allow them to cross ^[4] .

According to the Polish historian J. Dlugosch , in 1455, the khan of the Great Horde, Seyd-Ahmed, made another trip to the southern Lithuanian possessions. The Horde devastated Lithuanian lands from Podolia to Lviv , capturing a large number of captives and rich prey. However, on the way back during the crossing across the Dnieper, Seyid-Ahmed-khan was defeated by the Crimean Khan Hadji Giray . With the remnants of his troops, Seyid-Ahmed fled to Lithuanian possessions and arrived near Kiev . Many of the subjects of Seyid-Ahmed went over to the side of the Crimean Khan. In Kiev, Seyid-Ahmed was arrested and sent to the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Casimir Jagiellonchik . By order of the Grand Duke, Seyid-Ahmed was sent to Kovno , where he lived as an honorary captive until the end of his life. The nine sons of Seyid-Ahmed settled among the Lithuanian Tatars.

The next khans of the Great Horde were the sons of Kichi-Mohammed Mahmoud ( 1459 - 1465 ) and Akhmat ( 1465 - 1481 ).

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