Graphene history

Fig. 1. The ideal crystal structure of graphene is a hexagonal crystal lattice.

The chemist Benjamin Brody ( English Benjamin Brodie ) was the first ( 1859 ) to test the action of strong acids on graphite, received a suspension of graphene oxide crystals. Evidence of the small thickness of these crystals was obtained only in 1948 after the experiment of J. Ruess ( Eng. G. Ruess ) and F. Vogt ( Eng. F. Vogt ), who used a transmission electron microscope . Although these crystals were not pure graphene and their thickness was several nanometers, in subsequent works by Ulrich Hoffmann and the Hanns-Peter Boehm , it was shown that graphite fragments are also found in the reduction of graphite oxide. atomic thickness. ^[1] In 1986, Boehm and colleagues proposed the term graphene to denote monolayer graphite. The first graphene layers grown on Ru , Rb , Ni metal substrates were obtained in 1970 by John Grant and Blakely ^{[2] [3]} .

Yoshiko Ohashi carried out transport measurements on films with dozens of layers in 1997–2000, he demonstrated the effect of an electric field on the resistance of films and measured the Shubnikov – de Haas oscillations ^[2] . For the first time, the transport properties of graphene since 2004 ^[4] were studied at the University of Manchester under the guidance of Andrei Geim . In a 2004 article by Konstantin Novosyolov in the journal Science , the basic electrical transport and magnetotransport properties of graphite films with a thickness of several atomic layers were shown, the field effect and a field transistor based on Si / SiO ₂ , which became the main structure for subsequent transport studies, were demonstrated. Later in 2005, the same group measured the quantum Hall effect ^[5] , proved the linearity of the graphene energy spectrum and the applicability of the Dirac equation to current carriers in graphene ^[6] . The latter is noteworthy in that it opened up the possibility of studying similar effects of quantum electrodynamics in a laboratory on a table ^[7] .

A simple method for producing graphene samples, proposed in 2004 ^[4] , allowed hundreds of laboratories around the world to engage in studies of the unique properties of graphene ^{[8] [9]} . A 2004 work has since been cited more than 10,000 times according to Google Scholar ^[10] . This article is on the list of hundreds of articles with the highest number of citations ^[11] . For studies of the properties of graphene, Andrei Geim and Konstantin Novosyolov received the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 ^[12] .