Abbreviation

Initial Abbreviation

Alphabetical abbreviation

Compiled from the alphabetic names of the initial letters of the words forming the original phrase ^[1] .

• KGB (ka-ge-be) - State Security Committee
• m.s. (em) - Junior Researcher
• RSFSR (er-es-ef-es-es) - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
• TFKP (te-ef-ka-pe) - the theory of functions of a complex variable ( complex analysis )

As part of Russian alphabetic abbreviations, the reading of some names of letters may not coincide with their generally accepted names in the alphabet ^[2] . So, the letter "F" ("ef") can be pronounced as "fe":

• FBI [fe-be-er] - Federal Bureau of Investigation
• LFK [el-fe-ka] - medical physiotherapy
• RFF [er-fe-fe] - r radio physics faculty

The letters "C" ("es") and "Sh" ("sha") - as "se" and "she":

• USA [se-she-a'] - United States of America

Sound Abbreviation (Acronymic Acronym) - Acronym

It is formed from the initial letters of the elements of the original phrase, but read not by the alphabetical names of the letters, but as an ordinary word ^[1] (for example, “ GUM ” is read as [gum], and not [gawem]):

• ACS - automated control system
• university ^[3] - higher education institution
• HPP - hydroelectric power station
• ODE - ordinary differential equation
• TASS - Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union
• YaOD - data description language

Alphabetic-sound abbreviation

It is formed partly from the names of the initial letters, partly from the initial sounds of the words of the original phrase:

• CDSA [tse-de-sa] - Central House of the Soviet Army
• DOBDD [do-de-de-de] - Department of Road Safety (formerly State Traffic Safety Inspectorate)
• STSI [gi-be-de-de-de] - State Road Safety Inspectorate

Backronym

Abbreviation compiled from an existing word. In this case, the backronym can both explain the original meaning of the word, and give the word a new meaning.

• Spam - Seriously Pissing-off Advertising Mail or System Post Automatic Mail (“Automatic mailing system”). (Decryption gives new meaning to the word “ spam .” Initially, this word was the name of the brand of cheap canned meat SPAM with extremely aggressive advertising - see below )
• CASCO - Comprehensive car insurance other than liability. It is also actually a transcript of the Spanish word casco (skeleton, building), which this type of insurance is named.
• BLOW - Ukrainian Democratic Reform Alliance ( political party ). The name is an allegory to the fact that the head of the party, Vitali Klitschko, is a famous boxer.

Backronym can also be a comic transcript of an existing abbreviation.

• OBZH - Society of pregnant women ( options : Protection of pregnant women, Society of homeless wives).
• USSR - Rumors, Scandals, Sensations, Investigations (the name of the TV show on Ren-TV ).

Recursive Abbreviation (Recursive Acronym)

Decryption includes the abbreviation itself.

• GNU - GNU's Not Unix
• ALT - ALT Linux Team
• PHP - PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
• Wine - Wine Is Not an Emulator

There is also a recursive acronym that refers to itself indirectly, it is the abbreviation HURD . Here, the letter H means the abbreviation HIRD, in which, in turn, the letter H means the original abbreviation HURD. Moreover, the words “Hurd” and “Hird” in English are variants of the spelling “Herd”, thereby adding a subtle pun to the transcript.

Abbreviations-words (semantic)

Initial letters are a common word

• SMILES Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification
• SMART - English Smiles ARbitrary Target Specification , System Management Arts

Compound words (syllable abbreviation)

Addition of the initial parts of two or more words

• collective farm - collective farm;
• Komsomol - the communist youth union;
• regional committee - regional committee;
• party committee - party committee;
• food store - grocery store.
• Rosglavstankoinstrumentsnabsbyt - General Directorate for the Supply and Sale of Press Forging Machines, Tools and Abrasive Machines under the State Planning Commission of the RSFSR

Addition of the beginning of one word with another word of the phrase

• Maternity Hospital - Maternity Hospital
• drama circle - drama circle
• television network - television network
• spare part - spare part
• act of terrorism - terrorist act

Addition of the initial part of a word to the form of the indirect case of a noun

• Head of Department - Head of Department
• ear plugs - “take care of your ears” (name for earplugs)

Addition of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second or only with the end of the second

• moped - mo (totsikl) + (velosi) ped

Graphic abbreviation

• "T. d. ”- so on.
• "T. n. ”- the like.
• "T. e. ”- that is.
• "T. to. ”- since.
• "T. n. "- the so-called.
• "T. about. ”- in this way.
• "T. s. ”- so to speak.
• “N / a” - no data, no access

Mixed abbreviation

The initial part of the word is combined with the abbreviation

• RosNII - Russian Research Institute
• BelAZ - Belarusian Automobile Plant

Tautological reduction

Persistent phrases in which the abbreviation (usually of foreign origin) is used simultaneously with the word (usually the translation of the last word), which is included in this abbreviation:

• HIV virus
• DVD drive
• PIN
• HTML language
• IP protocol
• SMS message
• VIP staff
• GIS system
• AvtoVAZ - automobile Volzhsky automobile plant
• BTA Bank - Bank Turan Alem Bank
• IT technologies

Borrowed words that were originally abbreviations in the native language

• spam - from the English. spam - S houlder of Pork and h AM ("pork shoulder and ham"), a according to other sources, from the English. SP iced h AM ( An interesting fact is that in the literature on creating network protocols, services and other things, SPAM stands for System Post Automatic Mail, which means Automatic Mailing System. By the way, this decryption is more suitable both in terms of meaning and by the very principle , but the people have more taken root the version of the origin from the phrase S eriously P issing-off A dvertising M ail, which can be translated as “really annoying advertising mail”).
• laser - from the English. laser , short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation .
• quasar - from the English. quasar , short for QUASi stellAR radio source - “quasi-stellar radio source”.
• Internet - from English. Internet , short for Interconnected Networks, are interconnected networks.

Abbreviations, or abbreviations, have long been used in writing for all peoples with a written language. The purpose of the reductions was to save space on the text medium (birch bark, ceramic tablets, parchment, etc.) and the speed of writing frequently used words and phrases. One of the first abbreviations appeared in antique inscriptions, later became widespread in manuscripts. Using the initial letters of the words, the Romans first abbreviated proper names (S. — Gaius, Q. — Quintus), and later on other words (cos. — consul, v. C. — vir clarissimus , “the brightest man”). Repetition of the same letter denoted sets, number (coss.— consules, vv. Cc.— viri clarissimi). Similar abbreviations are found in Greek italic papyrus and inscriptions on coins. Abbreviations have also been used to reduce units of measure and weight. Roman lawyers so often resorted to suspension that codes of abbreviations (Notae iuris) and systems (rules) of abbreviations of letters were drawn up, which subsequently reached the Middle Ages. One of these systems was the system of "Tyrone badges" , which are the basis of the Roman tachigraphy (quick writing). The ancient Roman abbreviations, or Tyrotan marks , moved along with the Latin language to the Middle Ages , where they are found primarily in inscriptions and on coins, and then in manuscripts, especially starting from the XI century , also in letters from which they do not disappear until XVI century inclusive. The abbreviations found in later Latin manuscripts and letters consist, as a rule, of omissions, and even more often of combinations of letters.

Ever since uppercase Greek and Latin letters came into use, real abbreviations for syllables, double consonants, double vowels, and whole words have appeared. In Greek manuscripts there are many similar signs, partly transferred to the printed editions of Greek writers, from which they completely disappeared only in modern times. Therefore, in ancient Greek grammars, you can find a list of common abbreviations. The method of contracture, that is, the abbreviation of a word with its initial letters and endings, the Greeks used at first to abbreviate the so-called Nomina sacra ("sacred names"), for example θς instead of θεός ("god"). The Romans borrowed this system and used it to denote ordinary concepts (frs - fratres, brother, gra - gratia, gratitude). The symbol of the abbreviation, a line over the abbreviation, changed around the III century AD a previously usual point. Abbreviations were also borrowed from cursive writing, for example, = "esse" ("to be"), - "est" ("to be"). (See also Icon Captions ).

Already in the late Roman italics, almost all types of abbreviations were used. In the Middle Ages, abbreviations became widespread, especially in legal, medical and theological texts.

In everyday life, when the saving of place and time is required, they are content with simple simple abbreviations. The latter consist of either a reduction of phrases or a reduction of words. Abbreviations of phrases consisting in the omission of non-essential members of speech, easily reproduced from its general connection (auxiliary verbs, individual particles of speech, etc.) Abbreviations of words consist in the omission of individual letters and syllables and the omission of a significant part or even the whole word, except for the initial letters, partly in certain characters that replace words.

Present

In writing, they are used only for a private or personal need for cursive writing; but in those papers that are appointed and read by others, especially printed ones, they try to avoid them. Only in some cases are exceptions allowed:

1. in scientific works, with citations, bibliographic indications, technical documentation, etc., abbreviations cannot be avoided;
2. in individual sciences, like mathematics , computer science ( programming languages , databases , CAD ), astronomy , physics , chemistry , natural history, grammar , music abbreviations and even drawings are caused by necessity ^{[to clarify ]} ;
3. for SI and GHS units ;
4. to indicate coins and monetary units;
5. in special reference publications - calendars, lexicons, bibliographies;
6. finally, in some literary works, especially English, the old habit keeps abbreviations of some words that are constantly used.

Declination

In modern Russian, they are not inclined to:

• initial abbreviations (made up of the first letters of words) ending with a vowel, for example: Moscow State University, OJSC;
• borrowed abbreviations ending with a solid consonant, for example: MAN;
• alphabetic abbreviations with the reference word of the female or middle gender, if the gender of the abbreviation itself is not male, for example: GORONO, HPP (but: in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from the Housing Office).

Masculine alphabetic abbreviations may or may not be inclined. In written language, there is a tendency not to decline such abbreviations ^{[4] [5]} .

If abbreviations written in capital letters alone are declined, then their endings are written in lowercase letters closely, without an apostrophe ^[6] .

• Abbreviations of Russian words and phrases in reports on research are performed according to GOST 7.0.12-2011.
• In Russian, the most abbreviations begin with the letter “ C ” and the abbreviations most often end with the same letter ^[8] .

• Acronym
• Initial
• Bible Book Abbreviations
• Information
• Term
• Symbol
• Shorthand
• List of Latin abbreviations
• Neologism
• Math symbol table

• Abbreviations // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
• Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - 2nd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969 .-- 608 p.
• Superanskaya A.V., Podolskaya N.V., Vasilieva N.V. Abbreviation in terminology // General terminology: Questions of theory / Otv. ed. T. L. Kandelaki. Ed. 6th - M.: Book House "LIBROCOM", 2012. - Ch. VII. - S. 219—223. - ISBN 978-5-397-02414-3 .

• List of abbreviations in the Russian Wiktionary
• A. Trifonov. The battle for MUDO continues
• Latin abbreviations
• Ukrainian speed - decoding of more than 10 thousand Ukrainian abbreviations.
• Acronym Search - decryption of more than 50 thousand English abbreviations.
• Abbreviations.com - transcript of more than 400 thousand English abbreviations.
• Acronym Finder - decryption of more than 4 million English abbreviations.
• Acronym.Net.Ru - Dictionary of English abbreviations
• Acronymsandslang - decryption of more than 3 million English abbreviations and slang
• http://www.maximals.ru/acro - English-Russian dictionary of abbreviations.
• Abkuerzungen.de - Online Dictionary of German Abbreviations
• Dictionary of Latin and Italian Abbreviations
• 3-letter acronyms
• Telecommunication Abbreviations and Acronyms
• All Acronyms - Dictionary of Acronyms and Acronyms
• Acronym Geek - A comprehensive dictionary of acronyms only (English)
• Great Explanatory Dictionary of Vladimir Chernyshev
• Словарь античности
• Аббревиатуры // Православная Энциклопедия.