Military uniform of the Soviet army

May 7, 1940 introduced general (major general, lieutenant general, colonel general, army general) and admiral (rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral) personal ranks that replaced the former ranks of "divisional", "comcor", and also the commanders in the ground forces and in the air force and the rank of flagships in the navy. All the top commanders of the Red Army (infantry, cavalry, engineering troops, air force, ABTV, artillery, chemical troops, technical troops, commissary service, communications troops), having the previous ranks, should have been re-certified to new, general, special commissions. It should be borne in mind that general ranks were introduced only for the command staff (including the NKVD troops), as well as the commissary and military-technical services. Other military personnel, for example, political workers or military lawyers of the highest rank, did not have the right to wear general ranks.

For some representatives of the higher command staff (especially for those who had been subjected to repression), the recertification process dragged on immediately before the start of World War II, which they entered into old, formally canceled ranks ( L. G. Petrovsky (commander), F. F. Zhmachenko (brigade commander), Ya. S. Fokanov (brigade commander), N. A. Gusevsky (brigade brigade), and others) and the usual form of the Red Army of the sample of 1935.

Note: This section does not provide a detailed description of the insignia, military emblems, etc.

Uniforms of the Red Army Generals and Marshals of the Soviet Union

In the summer of 1940 a uniform was introduced for the generals of the Red Army and the Marshals of the Soviet Union ^[21] . It consisted of three types - ceremonial, casual and marching (before that, in the Red Army the very concept of “full dress” was conditional and was not officially used in orders). It so happened that the main elements of this form turned out to be very successful and predetermined the evolution of the uniform in the Russian ground forces and the Air Force at least two decades in advance, although some foreign (in particular, German) samples were copied.

The parade uniform (Project No. 212 of July 13, 1940) was a gray-steel single-breasted uniform without breast pockets with a stand-up-and-turn collar, with edging along the edge of the collar, six-button board, back pockets and curly cuffs (edging color is crimson for engineering troops, commissary service, military technical services and communications troops, blue for the Air Force, red for all other representatives of the generals, as well as Marshals of the Soviet Union (for the latter, a special insignia was introduced - the Marshal Star ). with an indentation from the edge, it was additionally edged with a golden double soutache.

The cap is made of gray-steel merino fabric, with a red band and a special general cockade (two round golden bays stacked on top of one another with a Red Army star in the center; in the Air Force - a star on a blue background, a cockade with an emblem (laurel wreath) and a flying badge on tulle), as well as a special golden filigree cord instead of a chin strap.

For standing to the uniform, light blue trousers with double stripes and a piping in the color of uniform edging, a leather belt of a standard pattern, for non-uniform uniforms, gray-steel trousers with the tone of the uniform trousers with double stripes and piping, worn out. If necessary, a checker was fastened to the belt, and spurs on the boots.

The casual general uniform consisted of a protective tunic on five coat of arms buttons (a collar and straight cuffs with a fringing on the front uniform) with two chest pockets with flaps, blue trousers with double stripes and piping (in boots) or blue trousers with double stripes and piping (with boots, off-set).

A cap with a cockade (in the Air Force - with an emblem and a flying sign on the body) is modeled after the parade - but with the top of a protective diagonal. Replacing the filigree strap with a lacquered and lightweight or full field equipment turned this form into a marching one .

For the winter form , a gray-steel double-breasted overcoat (casual - from gray drape) was provided on six coat of buttons with edging on the collar, board, braid, back pockets, curly (straight from 1941 - cuffs), as well as a hat with a top in the color of the trim lined with golden soutache. With a greatcoat, a cap was worn with a gray-steel-colored tulle.

Outside of summer, it was allowed to wear a white light tunic without a fringe, a cap with a white cover and white trousers without stripes and piping with white boots (or traditional blue ones with stripes - boots or black boots). It should be noted that the Air Force generals lost the flight chevron on the left sleeve - no orders provided for its wearing, although it was not formally canceled.

Spring 1941

The introduction of a special general uniform was only the first step towards a large-scale reform of the Red Army uniforms. The first half of 1941 can be considered an intermediate stage of transformations, when a number of improvements and innovations were developed - first of all, differences in the form of peacetime and wartime, as well as the parade uniform for the entire personnel of the Red Army . This form, approved along with other innovations by the People’s Commissar of Defense, was first shown (and on such a scale - for the last time) at the May 1, 1941 parade on Red Square in Moscow ^[22] . The uniform for the parade was sewn in record time, while in reality in the troops the transition to it was stretched for a long time, until the summer-autumn of 1942, that is, before the expiration of the old socks.

New types of uniforms and uniform elements were introduced. All military colors were left unchanged.

Command and Politics

The ceremonial uniform (for commanders and political workers of all branches of the Red Army) of a protective color with a stand-up collar was fastened with six gold buttons with a star and had no chest pockets (collar, board, cuff with edging). For him to wear in the ranks and out of order relied breeches (in boots) and trousers (with black leather boots) to match the uniform, with piping. In the ranks, the waist belt of brown leather of the established sample was necessarily relied on (the lightweight equipment M35 was taken as the basis). It is noteworthy that in the new uniforms in parade calculations on Red Square on May 1, 1941, teachers and students of military-technical, military-legal, administrative-economic academies and faculties walked, although the introduction of ceremonial uniforms was documented only for combat commanders and political workers.

And in front of the dress, and to the everyday uniforms of the commanders for peacetime, a five-button overcoat, the cut of which resembled a traditional RIA overcoat, relied. In wartime, a single-breasted overcoat was introduced, similar to the cadet one. A cap and a cap with ear flaps (introduced a year earlier) remained unchanged.

The daily and field gymnasts of the 1935 model have not changed

Sergeants, Red Army, Cadets

The ceremonial uniform of cadets of military schools and sergeants and rank-and-file personnel was distinguished by the quality of the material, gold buttons (black for the rank-and-file), edging of the collar and cuffs and a gold brass badge (for the rank-and-file belt with a single-tooth frame). The uniform was sewn of cloth of protective color, had no breast pockets (the back ones had a construction as in the command staff), the stand-up collar, with buttonholes. The cap for cadets, sergeants and privates was canceled and replaced with a cap without fringing.

The gymnast remained as an element of everyday and field form for both the team (with the edging) and the rank and file.

The form described above formally existed without changes before the introduction of epaulettes in early 1943, although it was used infrequently and not for long: because of the outbreak of war, the need for a dress uniform for a long time disappeared (with the possible exception of the special capital company of the guard of honor (listed, however, in the composition of the NKVD troops ) for meetings of official guests of honor or official ceremonies). Huge stocks of uniforms were thrown during the retreat in the summer and fall of 1941. In the winter of 1941-1942, it happened that even simple traditional gymnasts and earflaps were lacking.

In the fall of 1941 - in the winter of 1942, full-dress kits were issued for everyday wear to cadets of the rear military educational institutions, as well as military personnel of the rear garrisons and teams (privates and sergeants), etc. Since the cadets, after several months of training, received a commanding rank, they often went to the front in its own cadet uniforms but with lieutenant insignia, a new form can be found in front-line photographs.

First Year of War

Before the war and in its first months, the following transformations were also carried out:

• the special uniform of the Cossack troops was canceled; earlier, in connection with the introduction of the general uniform with stripes on trousers and breeches, the special uniform of students and teachers of the General Staff of the Red Army was canceled (July 1940);
• the open service jackets of ABTV and aviation were canceled, the combined-arms closed protective coat remained for the rear servicemen; the blue cap in the Air Force was replaced by a protective cap with a blue band and piping;
• the edging of the command caps was canceled; caps for cadets are canceled;
• the norms of vacation of clothing allowance in peacetime and wartime were changed; in wartime, the design of some elements of uniforms and equipment was changed;
• a special form was introduced for female military personnel (Project No. 261 of August 3, 1941);
• for sergeant and ordinary staff for winter time a cotton jacket was introduced (Project No. 283).

In August 1941, by order of the NPO (Project No. 253), the wearing of all colored uniforms and insignia was canceled in the army and marching units. This order was often violated or even not at first observed at all, as a rule, due to supply problems and the outdated term of wearing the uniform.

In 1942, the following innovations were made, although not very significant and fit well into the general direction of changes in the Red Army uniform in wartime:

• For all guards , the “Guard” sign was introduced for wearing on the right side of the chest (Project No. 167) (since 1943, when the new Wearing Rules prescribed to fasten star-shaped orders on the right side, the “Guard” sign will be attached to the right of the orders or under them). Despite the fact that the sign was the same for all units and subunits, its manufacture in various artisan workshop conditions led to a very interesting variety ^[23] ).
• For the Red Army anti-tank artillery pieces (IPTA), a sleeve sign (left sleeve) was introduced in the form of a black rhombus with a golden (yellow silk) embroidered artillery emblem in the center and a red border around the edge ^[24] .
• Wound stripes (golden for heavy and red for lungs (Post. GKO 2039; Project No. 213) worn on the right side of the chest were introduced. This uniform element will last until the beginning of the 1990s, however, some military personnel also used them the time of the operation in the Republic of Chechnya in 1999-2001).
• Introduced new emblems of the engineering and technical staff of the Air Force, (winged aircraft engine with a red star in the center), and the commandant’s service (the latter also extended to the commanders of the general commandant’s emblem of 1940) (Project No. 93; 121). Technical and commissary ranks were replaced by commander combatant units.

Table ' Signs of traffic controllers YES (1941), parts of the Fighter-Antitank artillery (1942) and patches for injuries (1942)

The introduction of a new uniform and insignia - January-February 1943.

Shoulder straps: form and color

In the second half of 1942 - the beginning of 1943, the final unification of the surviving official ranks took place with their complete replacement with command ones. The word “officer” again returned to the official vocabulary, along with epaulettes, and the old insignia. The system of military ranks and insignia practically did not change until the collapse of the USSR and the liquidation of its Armed Forces. The insignia of the Red Army of the 1943 model was not an exact copy of the officer shoulder straps of the Russian Imperial Army (RIA) , although they were created on their basis. So, the rank of colonel in the tsarist army was designated by epaulets with two longitudinal gaps, and without asterisks; in the Red Army, the title “colonel” corresponded to two longitudinal clearance and three medium-sized stars. It can be noted that the officer epaulettes of the 1943 model were pentagonal, not hexagonal, as in RIA officers - only the top officers of the Red Army put on the hexagonal epaulettes.

NOTE: The new military uniform was similar to the form of the pre-revolutionary army and repeated a number of its elements, but it was not an exact copy of it, and in many ways it absolutely did not correspond to it.

Shoulder straps (hexagonal for generals, pentagonal for officers, sergeants and soldiers) were of two types - everyday (they are also ceremonial) and field, as well as two instrument metals - gold (command staff) and silver (engineering staff). Instrument cloth epaulettes - by the type of troops. A button was attached at the top of the shoulder strap (the general's stamped one, the rest with a star).

The field of everyday pursuit of generals and officers was a base of instrument metal with edgings and gaps of instrument cloth; all signs on shoulder straps (embroidered or metal) in color were the opposite of instrument metal. It should be borne in mind that sewing on the uniforms of the highest command staff from that time on was always carried out in uniform with the instrument metal tone. The field epaulettes field was made of embroidered protective galloon (for generals) or protective cloth with burgundy gaps (for officers), with edgings by the military branch and insignia and emblems of the same metal as on everyday epaulets.

Everyday (ceremonial) epaulettes of privates, sergeants and foremen were cut from instrument cloth with the corresponding edging (most often the colors coincided with the colors of the buttonholes and edgings of the 1935 model), the insignia - gaits - of instrument metal. The field shoulder straps of sergeants and privates were modeled after the officers - protective, with edging of instrument cloth, with emblems of instrument metal and burgundy plaits. On everyday shoulder straps, the part or service number was stamped.

The shoulder straps of the “non-military services” stood out: military doctors, veterinarians, military lawyers. Their epaulettes (with silver instrument metal) were smaller than the standard officer and general epaulets, and on field epaulets (also narrower) the gaps were not burgundy, but brown.

Uniforms of generals, Marshals of the military branches and Marshals of the Soviet Union

Together with the insignia, the form of clothing has changed. In 1943, senior officers (Pr. No. 25) received a front single-breasted uniform of steel color, similar in cut to the uniform of the 1940 model, but with a standing collar. The collar of the uniforms of the Marshals of the Soviet Union differed from the general collar in the pattern of oak leaves (rather than laurel branches) on the front of the collar and on the cuffs of the sleeves. This detail was preserved on the uniforms of the sample of 1943, 1945 and 1954. The cuffs and collars of the uniform of Marshals and Chief Marshals of the military branches were laid out with colored cloth / velvet (black - artillery, ABTV, blue - Air Force) with appropriate sewing with bay leaves (Project No. 52 of February 4, 1943). Since 1943, the Marshals and Chief Marshals of the armed forces have been given a special insignia - the Small Marshal Star .

The cuff of the sleeves of the general’s uniforms was decorated with three embroidered gold coils, a edging along the line of arms went along the collar, board, cuffs and back pockets. It should be noted that gold embroidery was introduced only for combatant generals, generals of justice, medical and veterinary services, engineering and technical services had silver embroidery on their uniform, cap, overcoat buttonholes and silver trim, where it was supposed to be.

The ceremonial cap was made of the same steel-colored material as the uniform, with a band on the type of troops (the colors for the parade caps of 1940 were preserved), the cockade was surrounded by gold embroidery - oak leaves for Marshals of the Soviet Union, laurels for the rest of the highest command staff (general view sewing with minor changes will last until the end of the Soviet Army). The ceremonial cap of the generals and Marshals of aviation in sewing and emblems did not differ from the general one (the everyday one retained the emblems and cockades of 1940).

For the uniform, a ceremonial silver one with three red intermittent silk stripes-stitches, an embroidered belt-scarf on hooks, blue breeches with stripes (color - by the nature of the army) in boots was relied on. In 1944, with the existing ceremonial silver general belt-scarf with red stitching stripes for the generals and Marshals of aviation, belts with blue stitching were introduced - in the color of the uniform of the uniform.

Outside the building, gray-steel (in the tone of a uniform) trousers with stripes and black boots could be worn under the uniform. If it was necessary to ride, a belt was put on under the uniform, the cavalry checker was fastened to its straps, and spurs were attached to the boots.

The casual uniforms of the Red Army generals (taken as a basis in the NKVD / MGB, as well as in some other departments with departmental specific differences) consisted of a single-breasted tunic of a protective color with edging on a standing collar and cuffs in color according to the type of troops. The tunic was a cross between the general’s tunic of 1940 and the officer’s tunic of 1907, adopted by the RIA even before the First World War.

The cap and signs on it, breeches, trousers, boots, boots, as well as the winter hat were left unchanged.

The overcoat cut (and their edging) has not changed since 1941 - only the old insignia disappeared, and buttonholes appeared in the collars in the form of a parallelogram with a gold or silver edging, a uniform button in the upper part and color according to the type of troops or services. The same changes were introduced for summer general coats (Project No. 223 of May 18, 1943). For the winter form, short fur coats, fur boots and fur coats were often used. Air Force generals often wore leather coats - with insignia on their overcoats.

Full Dress 1945

In April 1945, a new uniform was introduced for senior officers, although this was not done by order of the NPO, but by changing the “technical conditions of manufacture” (Decision of the Main Commandant Administration of the Spacecraft No. 1412); the old gray form was not formally abolished, but was never used again. The situation did not change until the cancellation of closed uniforms for the highest command staff in 1954.

The uniforms of the NKVD troops generals introduced in 1943 were taken as the basis.

The double-breasted closed tunic of the color of "sea wave" (" royal ", as it was often called, since it was very common in the colors of various types of uniforms of the RIA until 1917), on six buttons, with a standing collar and rear curly pockets, retained the pattern of sewing and fringing uniform of 1943. Generals and Marshals of the armed forces received a single sewing for cuffs, while the Marshals of armored forces, artillery and aviation retained both black (velvet) and blue cloth substrates on the collar and cuffs ^[25] . The upper button on the left was removable for the convenience of wearing awards. The cap has not changed its design, sewing on a pillow and a filigree strap, however, the color of the body has become in tone with the uniform - “sea wave”.

Trousers with stripes got the same color (in boots with a dress uniform and outfit - with a dress day). To the uniform, the same document introduced a new belt - sewn, gold, with a gold coat of arms buckle - but a little later: at the parade on June 24, 1945, all the generals were wearing old silver belts, but in new uniforms.

Headset checkers, boots and boots have not changed.

Form of the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union

The title Generalissimo of the Soviet Union was introduced in the summer of 1945 and was then awarded to I.V. Stalin. Especially for the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, a special form was developed (which was supposed to be applied to the Marshals of the Soviet Union with some changes): a double-breasted uniform and a frock coat of the color of "sea wave" with epaulets and marshal's sewing on the collar, pocket flaps and cuffs, casual pants with gilded stripes, as well as a drape overcoat. These projects have never been implemented.

Options for epaulettes for the Generalissimo were developed, but until the end of his life, JV Stalin wore uniforms of the Marshal of the Soviet Union on his uniform.

Nevertheless, the uniform of I.V. Stalin from the summer of 1945 differed from the general uniform of the higher command staff. The form of I.V. Stalin was a closed tunic of the general general cut of 1940-1943, on five gold coat of arms with a turn-down collar with a red edging on the collar and cuffs. On the collar of the tunic were overcoat buttonholes of the highest command staff (device: color - red, metal - gold). The color of the tunic was a lighter and warmer shade than the established uniforms of the generals and Marshals (in other versions, the color fluctuated to light gray) ^[26] .

To the tunic relied trousers out of tune with the tunic, with stripes.

Cap and overcoat - both for the highest command staff.

Red Army Officer Uniforms

The senior and middle command staff received a uniform as a ceremonial uniform, similar in cut to the uniform of the 1941 model, but with a standing collar and new insignia (Pr. No. 25 of January 15, 1943). The collar, board and cuffs edged around the type of troops. Gold or silver (for military physicians, quartermasters, military men, etc.) buttonholes - double metallized with zigzag of the opposite metal in the senior officers, single in the junior ones - were placed on the collar on a cloth substrate with a fringing color. Gold or silver (for technicians, physicians, veterinarians and military experts) embroidered or metal coils were placed on cuffs - two from senior officers, one from junior ones. For drill uniform, a brown belt M35 or M31 was always worn. Rewards were placed according to the rules of wearing. With rare exceptions, officers did not wear the Air Force sleeve insignia (although the transition to a new uniform implied the abolition of all sleeve insignia (except for IPTA), some officers, as photo documents show, continued to wear it in front-line conditions ^[27] ), which cannot be said about the IPTA sleeve insignia , extremely popular among all artillery servicemen and survivors of the war ^[28] .

For everyday uniforms, all officers received a tunic similar in general style, but from cheaper materials. Breeches and trousers with edging, boots, boots, gloves, caps and their colors remained unchanged. In hot weather and in areas with a hot climate, it was allowed to wear a white tunic with the same casual coat, trousers and a cap with a white cover.

Overcoats of the sample 1940-41 changed only in connection with new insignia - on the collars were now placed buttonholes with edging according to the type of troops and a gold or silver overcoat button.

As a daily field uniform, officers were left with a gymnast with a standing collar, with welt pockets with valves on small buttons on her chest. Gymnastics did not edging. All the shiny elements of the uniforms on the field uniforms were painted in a protective color, the use of gilded buttons and buckles automatically turned the field uniforms into everyday ones (even with a gymnast, not a tunic), which was not formally allowed to wear field uniforms.

Hats with earflaps were left unchanged. Hats were installed for the colonels - the general construction and material resembling generals, but with a gray cloth top, criss-cross lined with yellow soutache, and detachable valves (down in the cold).

In the spring of 1943, a new uniform was introduced for military commandants on the railroad in the line of duty (Project No. 223 of May 18, 1943). It differed from the general police uniform in the green edging of the everyday tunic on the collar and cuffs, and a black velvet upright collar. sleeve sign in the form of a rhombus of a protective color with a railway emblem embroidered with gold thread. A cap - an approved sample with a black velvet band (with a five-pointed star), green piping and a red crown (with a gold railway emblem).

Uniform of soldiers, sergeants and foremen, cadets of military schools

Soldiers and sergeants (Project No. 25) received a full uniform very similar to the officer’s uniform, but made of cheaper fabrics, without gold coils on the cuffs. On the collars were a cloth buttonhole with a thin golden lumen for sergeants and foremen. The front breeches and trousers were of a protective color without edging. A brown leather belt with a brass buckle with a stamped star, introduced back in 1941 for cadets, relied on its dress form.

As a casual field uniform , sergeants and soldiers were left with a gymnast with a standing collar without breast pockets — such a gymnast resembled the “gymnastic shirt” of the lower ranks of the RIA - (from August 5, 1944, welt chest pockets were introduced at the gymnasts of female sergeants and rank and file, in 1945 pockets appeared at the gymnasts of all soldiers and sergeants, i.e. gymnasts of soldiers and officers became identical). All the brilliant elements of uniforms on the field uniforms were painted in a protective color, the use of gilded buttons and buckles automatically turned the field form into a daily one.

The uniforms of cadets of military schools, introduced by the same order, did not fundamentally differ from the uniforms of junior command and rank personnel.

Special Types of Uniforms

The 9th Infantry Division, renamed in September 1943 to the 9th Plastun Krasnodar, was established the Kuban Plastun uniform, similar in the main elements of the Kuban Cossack form of the 1935 model with new insignia (Circassian black, not blue). The same form was later established for all the guards Cossack units.

Post-war changes

• In 1945, the corresponding chevrons for extra-long service were added to the uniform of foremen and sergeants of long-term servicemen (Distribution n / rear KA 129), slightly changed in 1952 (Ave. VM USSR No. 26).
• In 1946, after combining the management of the Soviet Army (since 1946) and the Navy, hexagonal epaulettes were introduced for officers in a single Ministry of War.

• On August 19, 1946, by the Decree of the PVS of the USSR, special distinctive signs were installed on the shoulder straps of generals and officers who were laid off or resigned (for those who have 25 years of service or special merits). The wearing of signs was carried out only with the permission of the Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR (for generals) or the Commanders-in-Chief and Commanders of the combat arms, as well as the heads of the Main Directorates of the Ministerial Subordination. The signs were strips of galun (28 mm.) In the color of the shoulder strap opposite to the device, sewed in the lower part of the shoulder strap. For retirees, the galloon pattern was supplemented by a longitudinal zigzag line matching the shoulder strap (that is, the opposite of the galloon device), moreover, for generals, the line was located the entire width of the galloon, and for officers - in its central part ^[29] .
• In 1947, in connection with the separation of the Airborne Forces (Airborne Forces) from the Air Force (Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1154-474ss) and their subordination directly to the Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR, a special rhombus was introduced for the Airborne Forces (Ave. USSR MVS No. 52 ) ^[30] on the right sleeve of a casual or formal uniform. The badge was supposed to be for all airborne servicemen (and not just for airborne units and paratroopers (PDS)) and was their only difference from all other ground troops. The emblem was a parachute with stylized wings, embroidered in the design, in fact - metal, with mounts on the clasps. For officers, the emblem was provided for gold, for all others - silver. The emblem was placed on a cloth diamond in the color of the uniform. The rifle units had a rhombus with raspberry fringing, artillery, automobile and tank troops — with red, engineering and engineering — blue, PDS — blue.
• In 1951, changes were made to the uniforms of VOSO officers : a black rhombus sleeve insignia was introduced with a gold (yellow, woven) VOSO emblem and a blue border; a gold emblem of the railways was attached to the protective cap of the cap with a black border and blue piping, the same emblem was attached above the asterisk on the cap with earflaps and hat (for colonels) (Pr. VM USSR No. 18).

New uniform for Air Force and Tank Troops

The most significant changes in the post-war period should be considered the introduction in 1949 of a new uniform for officers of the ABTV and officers and generals of the Air Force (Ave MVS of February 24, 1949), which can be seen in part as a kind of relief, "a tribute to fashion," against the background of modest, which by the end of the decade became somewhat archaic and not very practical form of the model of 1943 for the command staff of the Soviet Army. This partial reform, perhaps for the first time, posed to the quartermaster and logistic specialists the question of the unification of various types of uniforms, as well as its practicality, aesthetics, wear resistance and convenience.

For officers, generals of the Air Force, Marshals and Chief Marshals of Aviation, an open double-breasted tunic (in order - a jacket ) of a protective color with a fastener on three coat of arms (for officers with stars) gold or silver buttons was introduced.

The open double-breasted parade jacket of the generals adorned sewing on the collar and cuffs (later, with minor changes, extended to the entire generals and the Marshals and Chief Marshals of the military branches), the collar and cuffs were edged with a blue edging and golden (silver) double soutache. The officers on the front uniform (similar in design to the general's) on the collar had blue buttonholes with gold / silver trim, decorated with uniform buttons and the Air Force emblem, a collar and cuff with a blue edging, on the cuffs - traditional officer "coils" as on the front form of the sample 1943. The uniform was worn with a white shirt (shirt) of a special design (without pockets), over trousers, with a black tie-samovyaz.

A protective cap with a blue band, a filigree strap and sewing on a visor - for generals with special sewing on a band (as on the caps of the sample 1943-45), supplemented by a special cockade and the Air Force emblem, for officers - without sewing, relied on the parade uniform. Non-flight officers and generals who did not have a flight education wore silver embroidery, and simple stars and generals cockades on the bands without the Air Force emblems.

The dagger, fastened to a belt under the uniform, also relied on the front uniform. Orders and medals were worn on the front uniform in accordance with the rules of wearing, the front-exit uniform was limited only to order straps.

To the right of all the tunices of the Air Force officers, a sewn gold / silver qualification emblem was sewn on the valve in the color of a tunic - flight or engineering, with a pattern similar to pre-war sleeve insignia. From the early 1950s, stamped metal emblems began to be used.

The new casual tunic of the Air Force generals was like a formal officer uniform with buttonholes (with gold / silver edging) and edging. There was no sewing on the band on the daily cap, a cockade (model 1940) with an emblem and a flying badge on the top (for those with a flight education or in flight personnel; for the other generals, only a cockade) was fastened.

The casual tunic of the officers was distinguished from the ceremonial uniform by the absence of “coils” on cuffs and a black edging of buttonholes. A shirt of a protective color (a lighter (warm) shade in relation to the jacket, pockets on the shirt), with a black tie, relied on a tunic and everyday jacket. The cap is of a protective color with a blue band, for generals - a filigree strap and sewing on the visor, for officers - a lacquered strap and visor without sewing.

The trousers for the dress and everyday uniform were identical - of a protective color, with edging (for officers) and stripes (for the highest command staff), only out-of-work.

For officers without a flight education and outside the flight crew, a simple star without emblems and signs was supposed.

Similar changes have occurred with the form of officers of the Tank Forces (BTV) . It should be noted that the generals of the Tank Forces, unlike the Air Force generals, did not touch on any innovations. For the ceremonial and everyday uniforms of BTV officers, a tunic, a cap and trousers similar to those established for the Air Force were introduced (the difference is the emblems of the Tank Forces, black velvet on the front uniform collar (without buttonholes, emblems in the corner of the collar) and cap caps, on black uniforms buttonholes with a red edging, with a button and an emblem of the Tank Troops, red piping on a cap, uniform, tunic and trousers, on a cap - a simple star), as well as a shirt (protective, without pockets) with a tie of the same color;) and a black tie.

Trousers in full dress and everyday uniforms are just an exercise.

Since 1952, officers of the Air Force and Tank Forces were allowed to wear a white closed tunic similar to the white tunic of generals and a cap with a white cover during the hot season.

As time has shown, these changes became, in many respects, the starting points of the next reform of the uniform of the Soviet Army.

Films

• Military movie compilation (1941-1943).
• Air Carrier (1943).
• Two fighters (1943).
• Wait for me (1943).
• At six o'clock in the evening after the war (1944).
• Heavenly slow-moving (1944).
• Restless Farm (1946).
• Meeting on the Elbe (1948)
• Maxim Perepelitsa (1955).
• Soldier Ivan Brovkin (1955).
• The Living and the Dead (1964).
• Chronicle of a dive bomber (1967)
• In war as in war (1968).
• Liberation (1969-1971).
• They fought for their homeland (1975).
• Only old people go into battle (1974).
• The Battle of Moscow (1985).
• War to the west. (1990).
• Anchor, another anchor! (1992).
• I am a Russian soldier (1995).
• Saboteur (2003).
• Brest Fortress (2010).
• 28 Panfilovites (2016).

Реформа военной формы Советской Армии середины 1950-х годов тесно связана с именем первого заместителя Министра обороны СССР (с 1955 — Министра обороны СССР) Г. К. Жукова и фактически совпала с его приходом к власти в советском военном ведомстве. Преобразования прошли в несколько этапов: в марте 1954 году изменилась форма высшего командного состава, в 1955 году — офицеров. Тогда же были введены специальные Правила ношения военной формы, включающие в себя и правила ношения государственных и ведомственных наград ^[31] . В 1956 году изменения коснулись сержантского и рядового состава. Стоит особо обратить внимание на то, что униформа сверхсрочников, сержантского и рядового состава изменилась в незначительной степени и не радикально, особенно на фоне перемен в обмундировании офицеров и генералов.

Все разновидности униформы строго регламентировались для всех категорий военнослужащих: № 1 — парадная для строя, № 2 — парадно-выходная вне строя, № 3 — повседневно-полевая для строя, № 4 — повседневная вне строя (последняя, в свою очередь, делилась на — летнюю I, летнюю II, а для генералов и маршалов — существовала и летняя III).

5 апреля 1955 г. (Указ ПВС СССР; Приказ министра обороны СССР от 19.03.1955 г. № 63) были отменены особые галунные знаки на погоны офицеров и генералов, состоящих в запасе или в отставке.

Этап 1. Генералы Советской Армии, маршалы авиации, родов войск и специальных войск, маршалы Советского Союза

Генералы и маршалы получили парадный открытый мундир цвета морской волны покроя аналогичного открытому кителю генералов ВВС с шитьём в виде лавровых/дубовых листьев на обрамленных двойным золотым сутажем воротнике и обшлагах, повторяющим, в общих чертах, шитьё на мундирах 1943-45 гг. К мундиру полагались брюки цвета мундира, с традиционными генеральскими лампасами, носившиеся как в сапоги (№ 1), так и навыпуск (№ 2). Мундир генералов ВВС и маршалов авиации не изменил покроя, но приобрел синий цвет (аналогично синими стали и брюки к мундиру, и тулья парадной фуражки). Фуражка несколько изменила свою внешний вид (увеличена тулья), козырек стал полукруглым (такое допускалось и ранее, но формально было отступлением от правил), сохранив двойной ободок, на парадной фуражке козырек украшался шитьём. Шитьё на околышах парадных фуражек осталось прежним с незначительными изменениями.

На околыш крепилась металлическая кокарда нового образца — красная звезда с серпом и молотом (у высших офицеров на золотом фоне, у остальных офицеров — на белом эмалевом, в овале из плетёного витого шнура) в золочёном зубчатом выпуклом обрамлении.

К мундиру полагалась белая рубашка без карманов, с чёрным галстуком; парадную и парадно-выходную форму маршалов Советского Союза дополняла Маршальская Звезда, крепившаяся возле узла галстука. Парадная форма № 1 для высших офицеров обязательно включала специальный шитый пояс из золочёных нитей с золочёной же гербовой пряжкой, а также награды, размещённые на мундире в соответствии с Правилами ношения. Пояс носился со специальным кортиком, который по форме № 2 пристегивался к ремню под мундиром. Шинель, как и папаха, генералов и маршалов не претерпела серьезных изменений (общий покрой, канты, пуговицы, материал остались прежними), однако на воротнике появились новые петлицы — цветом по роду войск, с золотой/серебряной окантовкой и вышитыми серебряными/золотыми лавровыми (генералы, маршалы и главные маршалы авиации, родов войск и специальных войск) или золотыми дубовыми листьями (маршалы Советского Союза). Без изменений осталась и цветовая гамма околышей, кантов, лампасов и петлиц.

Несколько изменился рисунок шитья на погонах высших офицеров — маршалов Советского Союза и маршалов родов войск (Пр. № 147 от 22 сентября 1956). Звезды и эмблемы родов войск стали вышиваться золотой канителью в тон поля парадного погона, звезды с красной (в ВВС — голубой) окантовкой.

Форма № 3 предназначалась для полевых учений, инспекций, работы в гарнизонах на аэродромах, полигонах и т. д. Зимняя генеральская форма включала в себя шинель (либо бекешу) серого цвета с облегчённым снаряжением, брюки в сапоги, фетровые сапоги, бурки или валенки. Изначально для повседневно-полевой формы № 3 генералов и маршалов был сохранен привычный закрытый китель 1943 года с синими брюками с лампасами в сапоги, кроме высших офицеров ВВС (они по форме № 3 носили китель защитного цвета как при форме № 4 , с облегчённым снаряжением). Однако высшие офицеры и других родов войск также предпочитали носить в полевых условиях открытый защитного цвета китель, что привело впоследствии к официальному разрешению использовать открытый китель по форме № 3 всем генералам и маршалам.

Повседневная форма (№ 4) высших офицеров включала:

а) уже упомянутый открытый китель защитного цвета с золотыми/серебряными погонами с кантами по воротнику и обшлагам и вышитыми на воротнике упрощёнными и уменьшенными по сравнению с парадным кителем серебряными/золотыми лавровыми (генералы, маршалы и главные маршалы авиации, родов войск и специальных войск) или золотыми дубовыми листьями (маршалы Советского Союза). Изначально вместо шитья в приказе и Положении были предусмотрены цветные петлицы с золотыми кантами, и большими гербовым пуговицами, однако этот вариант просуществовал буквально несколько недель. Китель носился с рубашкой (без карманов) и галстуком защитного цвета, фуражкой защитного цвета с цветным околышем, кокардой и филигранным ремешком и синими брюками с лампасами навыпуск (по летней форме I).

б) Открытый китель светлого серого цвета (в приказе — просто упоминается как серый, но на фотографиях присутствует теплый чуть защитный оттенок) с золотыми погонами с кантами по воротнику и обшлагам и шитьём аналогично защитному кителю, с серой рубашкой (без карманов) и галстуком и синими брюками с лампасами навыпуск. Фуражка — с серой тульёй и цветным околышем с кокардой и филигранным ремешком (по летней форме II).

в) Открытый китель белого цвета с золотыми погонами с кантами по воротнику и обшлагам и шитьём аналогично защитному кителю, с белой рубашкой установленного образца, чёрным галстуком и синими брюками с лампасами навыпуск. Фуражка — с белой тульёй (белым чехлом) и цветным околышем с кокардой и филигранным ремешком (по летней форме III).

Несколько позже офицерам (1957 г.), генералам и маршалам (1956 г.) будет разрешено в жаркое время находиться в рубашке без кителя (к рубашке в этом случае пристегивались погоны цвета ткани рубашки). Помимо этого форма № 4 включала в себя шинель аналогичную форме № 1-2 (зимняя) и летнее пальто серого цвета с петлицами и золотыми/серебряными погонами.

На всех видах формы офицеров и генералов помимо наград, знаков отличия типа «Гвардия», нашивок за ранения в середине 1950-х гг. появляются знаки об окончании военных академий или гражданских высших учебных заведений.

В марте 1955 года филигранный ремешок на парадных фуражках генералов и маршалов был заменен ремешком на тех же двух малых форменных пуговицах, с золотой/серебряной вышивкой лавровых (генералы и маршалы авиации, родов войск и специальных войск) или дубовых (маршалы Советского Союза) листьев.

В 1956—1957 гг. было предпринято несколько попыток изменить внешний облик мундиров маршалов Советского Союза за счёт технологических усовершенствований и дополнений отдельных элементов, в частности, шитья на воротнике и обшлагах. Судя по кино- и фотоматериалам, новая парадная форма с изменённым шитьём была пошита для нескольких человек, прежде всего самого Г. Жукова, а также, например, И. С. Конева . Аналогичные изменения были реализованы и для всех видов повседневной формы того же Г. Жукова, придав форме маршала Советского Союза более представительный вид. Были, впрочем, и более радикальные изменения: так летом 1957 Г. Жуков на параде в г. Ленинград в честь Дня ВМФ появился в новой парадной форме ^[32] , не предусмотренной Правилами (белый китель с новым усовершенствованным золотым шитьём и золотыми погонами, золотой шитый пояс с кортиком, фуражка с красным околышем, белым верхом, с шитьём по околышу и козырьку, белые брюки, белые ботинки, белые перчатки). Однако, все указанные нововведения никак официально не оформлялись и не утверждались. После отставки Г. Жукова предпочтение было вновь отдано утверждённым образцам ^[33] .

Этап 2. Офицеры Советской Армии

Серьезные изменения ожидали офицерскую парадную (№ 1) и парадно-выходную форму (№ 2) . Офицеры сухопутных войск получили открытый двубортный китель серо-стального цвета с окантовкой по роду войск по воротнику и обшлагам, аналогичный по покрою кителю офицеров ВВС и АБТВ принятому ранее. В углу воротника крепилась эмблема рода войск, обрамленная прямоугольным лавровым венком из позолоченной латуни или — реже, как неуставной вариант — золочёного шитья. Аналогичный угол из лавровых ветвей крепился на обшлагах. Не в последнюю очередь именно этими конструктивными особенностями новой формы и было обусловлено введение ряда новых эмблем (стрелковых войск, ВДВ) или радикальная замена на новые уже существующих (отмена традиционных «топориков» инженерных войск, замена на эмблемах Танковых войск танка БТ танком Т-34(54) (относительно последнего есть фото материалы, позволяющие отнести замену танков на петлицах танкистов ещё к 1952 году ^[34] )), но не удовлетворяющих новым требованиям: эмблемы должны были смотреться на новом мундире эстетично и ярко. Ещё одним нововведением было исключение из родов войск кавалерии и исчезновение из употребления её синих околышей и кантов, а также знаменитой «подковы», позже используемой факультативно в отдельных сохранившихся конных командах военных округов. Расцветки околышей и кантов по родам войск в остальном остались без изменений. Мундир офицеров ВВС сохранил свой прежний покрой, но получил синюю окраску; воротник мундира офицеров танковых войск покрывался чёрным бархатом.

Мундир носился с белой рубашкой и серым (в ВВС — темно-синим, в танковых войск — чёрным) галстуком, по форме № 1 — с наградами, синими брюками с кантом в сапоги (в ВВС и танковых войсках — навыпуск) и золочёным тканым офицерским поясом со штампованной пряжкой со звездой; к поясу полагался кортик. Пояс напоминал генеральский, но был проще по конструкции, изготовлению и рисунку. При форме № 2 награды заменялись планками, брюки носились навыпуск с чёрными ботинками, а кортик пристегивался к ремню под мундиром. Конструкция офицерской фуражки напоминала генеральскую: серая тулья с кантами, цветным околышем (в ттанковых войск — чёрный бархат), филигранным ремешком, кокардой с дополнением в виде венка из лавровых листьев и штампованными латунными лавровыми листьями на козырьке, имитирующими шитьё. На синей тулье парадных и защитной тулье повседневных фуражек ВВС крепилась традиционная летная эмблема, на голубом околыше — парадная или повседневная кокарда ВВС. С 1957 право на ношение соответствующих кокард и эмблем получили офицеры инженерно-технического состава ВВС без летного образования.

Зимняя парадная и парадно-выходная форма включала в себя шинель (№ 1 — застегнутую на все пуговицы, с поясом и брюками в сапоги (в ВВС и Танковых войсках — навыпуск)), по покрою схожую с существующей генеральской, но без кантов, на воротнике которой располагались неокантованные петлицы цветом по роду войск и соответствующими эмблемами в верней части петлицы. Головные уборы — без изменений, но с новыми кокардами.

Радикальное изменение парадной формы никак не соответствовало скромным изменениям формы повседневной и полевой (№ 3-4) . Так открытые повседневные кителя получили те, кто их и имел до того, то есть офицеры Танковых войск и ВВС: открытый двубортный китель с кантами по воротнику и обшлагам, с петлицами с эмблемами по роду войск на воротнике (голубые с темно-синей (чёрной) окантовкой у ВВС, чёрные, бархатные с красным кантом у танковых войск, окантовка уже в 1956 году была отменена), носившийся с защитного цвета рубашкой и галстуком, брюками в сапоги (№ 3 — при обязательном облегчённом полевом снаряжении М55 с золочёной фурнитурой и двузубой рамочной пряжкой) или навыпуск (№ 4). Для всех остальных офицеров сухопутных войск Советской Армии по форме № 3 полагалась гимнастёрка с полевым облегчённым снаряжением (в жарких районах — со шляпой-панамой), а по форме № 4 — закрытый китель образца 1943 года. Объединяла офицеров повседневно-полевая фуражка защитного цвета с кантами, с цветным околышем и кокардой, новым козырьком и лакированным ремешком, а также летняя форма II, состоящая из белого кителя и белого чехла на фуражку, предназначенная для жаркого климата и жаркой погоды. Впрочем, в 1957 году офицерам разрешили носить в жаркое время защитную рубашку (без карманов) с защитным же галстуком и полевыми погонами, белый китель же был отменен — однако это случилось буквально перед очередной реформой обмундирования, упразднившей закрытые кителя в Советской Армии полностью и окончательно.

Почти не изменилась офицерская повседневно-полевая шинель — изменились лишь петлицы, лишившиеся окантовки и шинельных пуговиц, последние были заменены эмблемами родов войск и служб. Зимняя форма № 3 отличалась от формы № 4 облегчённым полевым снаряжением М55 и брюками в сапоги.

С 1955 г. папаха полковников изменила конструкцию на полностью аналогичную генеральской, без отстегивающихся клапанов.

В декабре 1956 года были отменены золочёные погоны и все золочёные элементы (пуговицы, кокарда, эмблемы на петлицах шинелей фурнитура снаряжения и полевых сумок), а также цветные околыши, петлицы на шинелях кителях (в ВВС) и канты на фуражках на полевой форме № 3 . На место золотых и цветных элементов пришли элементы полностью защитного цвета. Причиной послужили венгерские события 1956 года и участие в них частей Советской Армии, столкнувшейся — прежде всего, в городских боях — с огромными потерями в офицерском составе.

В 1956 г. по инициативе генерал-полковника В. Ф. Маргелова началась разработка и полевые испытания специального обмундирования для ВДВ — шлемов, комбинезонов, курток и т. д. В 1958 г. первые серийные образцы летнего и зимнего спецобмундирования поступают в строевые части ^[35] .

Полный набор из четырёх видов обмундирования с подробными же Правилами ношения получили военнослужащие-женщины , имеющие офицерские звания. Общие принципы деления обмундирования на виды был аналогичен рассмотренному выше обмундированию для офицеров-мужчин ( форма № 1 — парадная, с наградами, поясом, кортиком, пальто застегнутое на все пуговицы; форма № 2 — парадно-выходная, с кортиком и поясом под мундир, пальто с отогнутыми бортами; форма № 3 — повседневно-полевая, в кителе, сапогах, облегчённом снаряжении, пальто застегнутое на все пуговицы; форма № 4 — повседневная в открытом защитном или закрытом белом кителе, пальто с отогнутыми бортами). Ношение шитья, петлиц, окантовки, наград также было аналогично стандартному офицерскому обмундированию Специфическими элементами в данном случае являлись парадный мундир серого/синего цвета, китель защитного цвета, рубашки белого и защитного цветов с чёрным и защитным галстуками, однобортное пальто тёмно-серого цвета (для офицеров, проходящих службу за границей, в частях Московского гарнизона, ВВС и Танковых войск — стального цвета), а также серый/синий (парадный) и синий/белый (повседневный) береты, шапка-кубанка, синяя юбка, ботинки и сапоги особого пошива.

Этап 3. Сержанты, курсанты, старшины и солдаты

В 1956 году были утверждены Правила ношения военной формы одежды старшинами, сержантами и рядовыми Советской Армии ^[36] . Новая форма была вполне практична и проста в уходе, хотя и не столь нарядна, как «сталинская»: парадный мундир лишился кантов по воротнику, обшлагам и бортам (фуражка окантовку сохранила, как и цветной околыш со звездой, сохранились и цветные петлицы на воротнике), а также задним карманам — как и самих карманов с вырезами и пуговицами. Парадная форма курсантов военных училищ отличалась от солдатской только синими брюками. Повседневная форма представляла собой гимнастёрку с накладными карманами, бриджами (в приказе — шароварами)(в сапоги) и пилотку со звездой. Для жарких районов вводилась специальная гимнастёрка с отложным воротником, которую можно было носить с открытым воротом, и шляпа-панама, аналогичная довоенной, образца 1936 года, но без цветной аппликации под звездой и кокардой. Вводилось новое полевое снаряжение на плечевых ремнях, с заплечным рюкзаком, а также зимняя и летняя рабочая форма одежды со специальной курткой-бушлатом (зимой — на вате), аналогичной куртке-бушлату образца 1941-42 г..

Обмундирование сверхсрочников отличалось от формы солдат и сержантов срочной службы только золотыми нарукавными угольниками. Поэтому сверхсрочники продолжили подчеркивать своё особое положение неуставными способами — ношением парадных фуражек с повседневной формой, офицерских сапог и снаряжения и т. д. С другой стороны, такое «форменное» равенство опытного бывалого сверхсрочника со срочниками снижало престиж сверхсрочной службы. Отчасти такая ситуация объяснялась общим сокращением числа сверхсрочников в 1956-57 гг. с той мотивацией, что их функции вполне могут выполнять подготовленные солдаты и сержанты-срочники с законченным средним образованием. Срочник, дескать, « дешевле » сверхсрочника, которого необходимо обеспечивать жильём и зарплатой ^[37] . Время, как известно, показало ошибочность такой «экономии». Уже в 1957 году нарукавные знаки для сверхсрочников были отменены — вместо них вводился золочёный нагрудный знак, носившийся на правой стороне груди при всех видах формы (кроме шинели и рабочей куртки), представляющий собой золотую гранёную пятиконечную звезду в золотом венке (аналогично общевойсковой эмблеме) со стилизованными серебряными крыльями, знаменем Сухопутных войск (или ВВС) и подвеской с выбитыми цифрами, указывающими срок службы.

Униформа образца 1950-х годов оказалась в ряде случаев весьма удачной — как, например, в случае с парадным обмундированием генералов и маршалов и некоторыми элементами повседневного обмундирования офицеров. Парадная форма красиво смотрелась в парадных расчётах два раза в год — 7 ноября и 1 мая. Но, в целом, она имела существенный системный недостаток — малую унификацию и взаимозаменяемость частей и предметов, а также низкая практичность и дороговизна (золотое шитьё, штампованные накладные украшения и позолота).

Некоторые специальные виды формы

Специальная церемониальная форма: Отдельная рота Почётного караула

В 1955 году (Пр. МО № 124 1.08.1955) новую форму получила 1-я Отдельная рота почетного караула Московского гарнизона в г. Москве (ОРПК). Использовалась эта форма только в особых церемониях — встреч, отдачи воинских почестей, обеспечения воинских ритуалов и т. д.

Основу обмундирования составил закрытый двубортный серый мундир с красным суконным воротником и красными же прямыми (офицеры) или фигурными обшлагами, фуражка с красными кантами и околышем, синие брюки с кантами в сапоги. На груди мундира крепился широкий красный восьмиугольный лацкан (напоминающий дореволюционный, существовавший в некоторых частях гвардии) на шести пуговицах по борту, окантованный золотым галуном. Сзади — фигурные карманы с окантовкой и две мундирные пуговицы, поддерживающие ремень (как на униформе образца 1943 г.). К офицерской форме полагалось золотое шитьё в виде лавровых листьев на воротнике и обшлагах (напоминающее парадное общеофицерское) золочёный шитый офицерский пояс с пряжкой, золотые пристяжные погоны общевойскового образца на малой золотой пуговице с эмблемой стрелковых войск, а также золотой аксельбант на правом плече. Униформу офицеров дополняла шашка, так как прохождение торжественным парадным маршем рота всегда осуществляла с оружием.

Мундир сержантов и рядовых выполнялся без шитья, на воротниках помещалась шитая золотистая одинарная петлица (тура), сходная с шефскими и гвардейскими в РИА, на плечах — пятиугольные пристяжные общевойсковые погоны на золотой малой пуговице, с золотой галунной окантовкой, эмблемой стрелковых войск и цифрой, обозначающей номер подразделения — «1».

Фуражки офицеров — с филигранным золотым ремешком, шитьём на козырьке и околыше с общеармейской кокардой . Фуражка сержантов и рядовых — с лакированным ремешком, упрощённым шитьём и Красной звездой на околыше. Вместо офицерского ремня солдаты и сержанты носили тканый ремень упрощённого шитья с квадратной латунной золочёной пряжкой и штампованной звездой установленного образца. Шинели офицеров и солдат не имели особых отличий от аналогичных парадных шинелей военнослужащих сухопутных войск — кроме петлиц, окантованных золотым галуном и офицерского аксельбанта.

В 1960 г. Приказом Министра обороны СССР в ОРПК были дополнительно сформированы особые подразделения (взводы) ВВС и ВМФ, а вышеописанное обмундирование стало обмундированием только взвода Сухопутных войск. Обмундирование взвода ВВС включало в себя парадный двубортный открытый мундир ВВС синего цвета с голубыми петлицами с золотыми эмблемами и кантом, аксельбант (у офицеров), брюки синего цвета с синим кантом в сапоги. Шитьё на синих фуражках с голубыми кантами и околышем повторяло шитье на фуражках офицеров сухопутных войск (у офицеров), либо представляло собой лавровый венок вокруг пятиконечной звезды (у сержантов и рядовых). Шитьё на околыше дополнялось летной эмблемой на тулье. Погоны — аналогичные погонам взвода Сухопутных войск, но у офицеров — с голубыми просветами, кантами и золотой эмблемой ВВС, у рядовых — голубого цвета с золотой эмблемой ВВС и цифрой «1». Аналогичным взводу Сухопутных войск было и снаряжение. Обмундирование взвода ВМФ отвечало специфике морской униформы.

Сводный оркестровый полк Московского гарнизона

Особую форму несколько ранее (Приках Министра обороны СССР № 37 от 11.03.1955) получил Сводный оркестровый полк Московского гарнизона (кроме офицеров). Двубортный закрытый китель на шести пуговицах, с красным стоячим воротником и обшлагами, синей окантовкой, фигурными задними карманами был по конструкции, материалу и покрою схож с закрытыми парадными мундирами образца 1943 года. Погоны — красные пятиугольные с синим кантом. Ремень белый с квадратной латунной пряжкой.

Фуражка защитная со звездочкой на красном околыше, золотой лирой на тулье и синими кантами. Такие же лиры крепились или вышивались по углам воротника. Брюки синие — в сапоги или навыпуск.

Фотодокументы свидетельствуют о том, что указанная униформа была дополнена для парадов в Москве и декоративным лацканом красного цвета на груди.

Несостоявшаяся «жуковская» реформа

Во второй половине 1957 г. Министр обороны СССР Г. К. Жуков дал поручение разработать новый вариант парадной и повседневной униформы для офицеров. Проект был подготовлен относительно быстро (за образец взяли форму Народной Армии Чехословакии ), столь же быстро изготовили экспериментальную партию обмундирования для практических испытаний в действующих частях Советской Армии. Военнослужащие получили защитные открытые повседневные и парадные (с золотыми погонами) френчи с цветными фигурными петлицами на воротнике, защитные фуражки с кантами, кокардами с эмблемами из лавровых листьев на околыш и эмблемами на тульи (напоминающую эмблему ВВС — звезда в обрамлении лавровой и дубовой ветвей), а также брюки защитного цвета с кантами. Все отличия по родам войск и видам служб новая форма определяла цветными петлицами, просветами погонов и кантами, металлическим прибором погонов, а также оставшимися неизменными эмблемами родов войск (золотистыми или серебряными) на петлицах. Эксперимент с унификацией и экономией в области военной одежды заходил, таким образом, довольно далеко.

В целом, форма не вызвала серьезных нареканий, но отставка Г. Жукова фактически прекратила эксперимент ^[38] , оставив вопрос о реформе обмундирования открытым.

Хотя формально приказы Г. Жукова на этот счёт не отменялись, однако фактически все преобразования были свернуты.

Films

• Офицеры (1971).

Увольнение с поста Министра обороны СССР Г.Жукова в октябре 1957 года не сняло с повестки дня вопрос о реформе обмундирования. Уже при новом Министре (им стал Маршал Советского Союза Р. Я. Малиновский ) реформа была осуществлена при сохранении всех одобренных ещё его предшественником фундаментальных принципов.

Изменения почти не коснулись обмундирования высших офицеров, а также сержантов, старшин и рядовых срочной службы. Объектом преобразований стала, прежде всего, униформа офицеров, а также сержантов и старшин сверхсрочной службы. Главными её принципами стали экономия, унификация, износостойкость, и, как всегда — эстетика. Последнему требованию офицерская форма образца 1955 года отвечала как нельзя кстати. Однако, красиво смотревшаяся на парадах, она вызывала большие вопросы в дальнейшей эксплуатации, поскольку парадный мундир не был никак унифицирован с другими видами обмундирования, в том числе, с повседневной формой.

Другим недостатком формы образца 1955 года была её высокая себестоимость и трудозатратность в производстве. Задача стояла в повышении технологичности производства различных видов обмундирования и его элементов. Именно эти проблемы и решались в первую очередь.

Новая форма одежда была введена в 1958 году, несколько позже были утверждены новые Правила её ношения ^[39] Старые Правила при этом полностью отменялись, хотя многие виды униформы, как уже указывалось, сохранялись без изменения — да и сами Правила, как легко заметить, изменились в плане описания сочетания тех или иных элементов униформы очень незначительно.

Генералы и Маршалы

Парадная и парадно-выходная форма высших офицеров фактически не изменилась - за исключением усовершенствования и повышения экономичности технологии золотого шитья на околышах и козырьках фуражек, воротниках и обшлагах (в последнем случае — в том числе и за счёт сокращения размеров). Внешне эти изменения почти не были заметны постороннему глазу. На повседневном же защитном генеральском и маршальском кителе исчезли все элементы золочения, кроме гербовых пуговиц из жёлтой латуни и шитых золочёной канителью звезд на погонах: погоны стали защитного цвета (как и на повседневно-полевой шинели и бекеше), как и шитьё на воротнике, вышитое светло-зелёным шелком на тон светлее, чем основной цвет кителя.

Все элементы золотого цвета сохранились, однако, на светло-сером повседневном кителе без изменений. Не претерпели изменений также повседневные фуражки и кокарды на них, шинели, снаряжение, синие брюки с лампасами и т. д.

Прежними остались летнее генеральское пальто (с золотыми погонами) и плащ-накидка, аналогичная офицерской.

Для летней полевой формы генералам и маршалам полагалась гимнастёрка с фуражкой без цветных элементов и кокардой защитного цвета, защитными бриджами в сапоги и облегчённым полевым снаряжением; зимняя включала застегнутую на все пуговицы повседневно-полевую шинель.

Ещё одним существенным нововведением стало исчезновение кортиков с парадной и парадно-выходной формы всех офицеров, генералов и Маршалов.

Офицеры

Если изменения обмундирования высших офицеров можно смело назвать косметическими, то изменения, произошедшие с формой старших и младших офицеров в той же степени можно именовать революционными. Без изменений были оставлены синие брюки с кантами (для строя — в сапоги), обувь, повседневные фуражки с кокардами и лакированными ремешками, шинели (с повседневной убрали золотые погоны, заменив их защитными), а также зимняя и летняя полевая форма. Во всем остальном произошли радикальные перемены, впрочем, давно ожидаемые самими офицерами.

Отменялась фуражка с серой/синей тульёй, парадная кокарда образца 1955 г., серый/синий парадный двубортный мундир. Вместо указанных элементов для парадной формы всех офицеров вводилась фуражка с защитной тульёй (околыш и канты — традиционная расцветка по родам войск), филигранным ремешком и кокардой, аналогичной повседневной кокарде ВВС образца 1955 г. (в ВВС на тулье — лётная эмблема); открытый однобортный мундир защитного цвета на 4 пуговицах с золотыми/серебряными погонами, с петлицами цветом по роду войск с золотыми эмблемами и золотой латунной окантовкой. С парадным мундиром носилась рубашка защитного цвета (без карманов) с галстуком того же цвета. Для летней парадно-выходной формы было предусмотрено летнее офицерское пальто с белым кашне, однако в силу своей дороговизны (этот элемент обмундирования приобретался офицерами за свои средства) оно не пользовалось популярностью и поэтому вскоре (в 1966 г.) его сменил летний плащ, пошитый из той же ткани, что и офицерская плащ-накидка. Парадная форма предполагала ношение всех наград, парадного пояса и брюк в сапоги, парадно-выходная - наградных планок на кителе и брюк навыпуск, с ботинками.

Для повседневной формы офицерам полагался китель защитного цвета, полностью идентичный по покрою и цветовой гамме парадному мундиру, что делало возможным их полную взаимозаменяемость. С кителем, как и с парадным мундиром, носилась рубашка защитного цвета (без карманов) с галстуком того же цвета; в жаркую погоду в жарких районах с 1957 г. разрешалось ношение вне строя рубашки без кителя, но с погонами. Отличиями повседневной формы от парадной были: погоны защитного цвета, позже — из защитного шелкового галуна или вискозной ткани; петлицы без латунно-золотой окантовки; фуражка с простой офицерской кокардой (у ВВС кокарда — как на парадной и парадно-выходной, на тулье — лётная эмблема) и лакированным ремешком.

Изменения, аналогичные изменениям в форме офицеров-мужчин, произошли и в обмундировании офицеров-женщин . Серый/синий парадный мундир и защитный повседневный китель были заменены мундиром и кителем защитного цвета единого покроя с петлицами (на парадной и парадно-выходной — с золотой окантовкой) и погонами (на парадной и парадно-выходной — золотые/серебряные, на повседневной и полевой — защитные тканые), золотые погоны на повседневно-полевом пальто сменили защитные, на берет и зимнюю шапку крепилась кокарда нового образца.

На правой стороне кителя или парадного мундира все офицеры получили право на ношение знаков классности (классных специалистов) по родам войск и воинским специальностям.

Сержанты и старшины сверхсрочной службы

But the real gift was received by servicemen of extra-long service, for whom uniform and everyday uniforms of an officer type were introduced (a cap, a tunic, trousers, shoes), a field uniform with lightweight officer equipment M55. The shape of the over-conscripts had the corresponding insignia (for the tunic - pentagonal sewing shoulder straps of the kind according to the military branch with gold or silver stitches (front) or protective cloth with red stitches (everyday)) and some insignificant differences in the combination of different elements (for example, the absence of a front belt, replaced by a conventional belt with a double-toothed frame buckle). The long service mark on the right side of the chest has not changed.

Since 1963, the look of the foreman’s epaulettes changed - now a wide galloon was placed along the epaulette.

Conscripted soldiers

Without major changes, the parade, parade and weekend, everyday, field and working uniforms of military servicemen remained. Also, the uniform of the officer, sergeant and rank and file of the 1st Separate Company of the Honor Guard of the Moscow Garrison and the orchestra attached to it, preserved in its original form, is true, since 1960 only after the platoon of the Ground Forces. As mentioned above, in 1960 there was a serious reorganization of the unit - the formation of special platoons of the Air Force and Navy with its special form described in the previous section.

Special and special form

Unification and interchangeability made the officer uniform cheaper and solved the problem with its uneven wear, but this was clearly done to the detriment of the aesthetic side. The leadership tried to solve this problem at least partially, for example, introducing special orders of the Ministry of Defense with special uniforms only for parades in Moscow, including such non-standard elements as gray tulles of caps worn with overcoats (blue for the Air Force), golden edging of overcoat buttonholes, front sewing on the bands, reminiscent of ceremonial cockades arr. 1955, white belts for sergeants and privates, etc. There were cases of the introduction of a special dress uniform for specific parades for certain branches and types of armed forces under the patronage of their commanders, who would send relevant requests directly to the Chief of Logistics or to the Minister of Defense himself.

So, for example, the situation was with the parade form of calculations of the airborne troops for the parade on May 1, 1961 ^[40] , for which red pentagonal pentagonal shoulder straps with a white edging (for overalls) and a sleeve insignia — a red and white edging rhombus with embroidered with yellow silk emblem of the Airborne Forces. At the same time, the first attempt was made to introduce a beret of a protective or orange color, which they decided to refuse at the very last moment, as a distinctive element of the Airborne Forces uniform (so far only the front).

In 1964 with the filing of the Commander of the Airborne Forces V.F. Margelov, it was possible to achieve the return of paratrooper officers (while maintaining their independence as a kind of troops) of instrument blue, cockades with the Air Force emblems on the wings and flight emblems on the caps of the caps ^[41] .

However, the movement continued in the opposite direction. Despite the innovations, the described uniform was considered temporary and requiring further refinement in terms of unification and efficiency in production. In 1962, a decision was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Socialist Republic and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on further unification and simplification of military uniforms. As part of its implementation in the mid-1960s. experiments were carried out, mostly at that time unsuccessful, on the introduction of insignia, epaulets and buttonholes made of viscose gall as a material with greater wear resistance and economy ^[42] .

New Reform Projects and Dressing Experiments

On November 11, 1962, Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1054-448 on the unification of military uniforms was issued. Following the decree, instructions followed on how to unify this form.

Already after the resignation of N. S. Khrushchev and the weakening of the general thirst for economy and reduction of excesses, in 1965, the specialists of the Main Directorate of Logistics submitted for consideration of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, by his order, several options for a uniform for command and rank personnel, made on the basis of different approaches, but with a common common theme of unification and cheaper production: preserving open tunics, shoulder straps, differences in dress and everyday uniforms and canceling all colored elements (rings, buttonholes, edging) d I have all the soldiers, except the generals; or preservation of the color scheme with only two colors - blue (Air Force) and red (all the rest) with closed uniforms for ordinary and command staff and refusal of shoulder straps and shoulder insignia, with a partial return to the lapel pre-war triangles , though already without the use of enamel ^{[ 43]} .

The topic was discussed in the troops of several military districts and aroused keen interest, however, none of these projects was even accepted as an experiment, not least because of the serious illness of Defense Minister R. Y. Malinovsky in the last months of his stay in a position actually suspended from business. The arrival of the new leader in the Ministry of Defense - from April 1967 he became Marshal of the Soviet Union A. A. Grechko - removed the question of the fate of all such reforms of his predecessor, but did not completely close the question of introducing some elements of uniforms into everyday practice.

Parade November 7, 1967

The fact that the new Minister is entering a new stage in the development of the uniform system of the Soviet Army became clear already in preparation for the grand parade on November 7, 1967 in honor of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. As far back as August 1967, the Department of Clothing Supply of the USSR Ministry of Defense proposed to the Minister options for improving the appearance of the servicemen participating in the parade, and by October experimental items for the new full dress uniform were ready.

The changes, on the one hand, continued the unification that had already begun (the cancellation of the crimson color on the uniforms of small arms and green for physicians, veterinarians and administrative staff and its replacement with red, the cancellation of silver epaulettes and silver uniform elements (including general sewing) technical staff, the introduction of the emblems of the military branches only in gold), but on the other they were clearly focused on enhancing the uniformity of the uniform (introduction for sergeants and privates of extra-long military service a laurel wreath to the star on the bands, gilded “CA” gossip lettering on epaulettes (letter “K” for cadets), sleeve insignia according to the military branch with gold emblems, etc.) ^[44] .

For this parade, the Airborne Forces (in full dress) for the first time came in berets , though not yet the traditional blue-blue, but crimson (with cockades and emblems for the rest of the officers, privates and cadets participating in the parade) of color, with a blue triangular a flag with a golden brass airborne emblem on the right. The initiator of the modernization of the parade uniform of the paratroopers was Airborne Commander Army General V.F. Margelov, who found warm support in the person of Minister of Defense A. Grechko. In October 1967, in record time, parade and everyday options for the form of paratroopers with colored and everyday protective (unrealized) berets and flags (pennants) with emblems on them were developed, as well as variants of sleeve signs with a non-standard emblem.

It should be noted that raspberry berets remained a rare parade element of the uniform, although there were cases of issuing them to individual parts with the emblem of arr. 1958 and without ceremonial flags ^[45] .

Many of these non-statutory changes were preserved and were improved in terms of manufacturing technology in the next, 1968, at the parades on May 1 and November 7. In July 1969, these innovations will become the most important moments of the next reform of the uniform of the Soviet Army.

Films

• Volunteers (1958).
• Keys to Heaven (1964).
• Gray Wolves (1993)
• Driver for Vera (2004)

Uniform of the Soviet Army 1969 sample

July 1969 marked a new radical change in the appearance of the military personnel of the Soviet Army. For the USSR Armed Forces, this was the last radical transformation of this kind - further changes will be more aesthetic and cosmetic in nature, with the exception of the field form.

By order of the USSR Minister of Defense No. 191, new Wear Rules were introduced ^[46] . In accordance with the Rules for wearing military uniforms, the following types of clothing were established:

• a) for marshals, generals and officers:
  • front door for building / out of order;
  • front weekend;
  • everyday for building / out of order;
  • field;
• b) for soldiers, sergeants, foremen, cadets and pupils of military schools:
  • front weekend;
  • daily field;
  • Worker (for military service personnel).

Each of these forms was divided into summer and winter. ^[47]

For generals and officers, the dagger was restored to full dress.

High Command

The uniform of senior command personnel has changed very slightly and in its main elements has remained the same, changing only the name. So the dress uniform (always with a dress belt and an overcoat fastened to all buttons) was now divided into a drill (trousers in boots) and an outside drill (trousers); for the air force, these types of uniforms did not differ.

The summer festive day-off retained a light gray tunic with cuffs on the collar and cuffs, simplified sewing on the collar and cuffs (without suture edging on the piping), gold epaulettes, a white shirt with breast patch pockets with buttons on the buttons , a black tie, blue trousers colors with stripes on the run. A cap with ceremonial sewing on a fringe and light gray tulle (in tone with a tunic) relied on a front-exit uniform.

NOTE : For airborne generals, all types of uniforms were installed with general differences, and not similar to the Air Force (like Airborne officers after V. Margelov’s long demands). Therefore, any "general" uniforms of the airborne forces of the blue era of the USSR, sold on the current collapse and markets, should be considered as a fake.

The everyday uniform (for the formation - with general lightweight equipment and trousers in boots, the overcoat is buttoned up; buttons are out of order - outfits, safety trousers, overcoat lapels are lowered) was a traditional double-breasted tunic in protective color with hem on the collar and cuffs, with a protective shirt with breast patch pockets with buttons on the buttons , a tie, with protective trousers with stripes. On the collar, simplified sewing changed color again - light green silk gave way to golden yellow silk with tinsel. Shoulder straps on the tunic remained the same (protective color), on all overcoats - woven silk in tone of the overcoat.

The cap slightly changed the design in the direction of a slight increase in the body, however, the overall design and colors remained unchanged.

In addition to the summer out-of-war uniform, an additional summer raincoat-coat of protective color with overcoat buttonholes on the collar was supposed, and to the winter - a bekesh with felt boots or high fur boots.

The general's field uniform did not differ from the everyday drill, except for a summer tunic and a cap: all colored and gilded elements were painted in protective color or embroidered with green silk, while the edging of the tunic, caps and colored stripes on trousers were completely preserved.

Officers

Serious changes have taken place in the full dress and full dress uniform of officers . Army officers received a sea-green dress uniform with gold / silver shoulder straps, cuffs, colored buttonholes with gold brass trim, a white shirt with patch pockets with flaps on buttons under the uniform, with a black tie, self-knitted trousers, color “Sea wave” with a piping, a cap with a colored peg and piping and a tulle of the color “sea wave”, as well as a gold filigree strap. A single stamped cockade with an emblem of laurel leaves, remotely resembling an embroidered emblem of arr. 1955. Note that on a winter hat with earflaps in full dress, an ordinary cockade without an emblem was attached.

For officers of the Air Force and Airborne Forces, the color of their uniform, trousers, and cap of the cap was dark blue; a traditional flying sign was attached to the cap.

The ceremonial uniform implied the obligatory wearing of the ceremonial belt (boots - for the formation (except for the Air Force), boots - out of order), the front-output - without the belt, trousers worn out. The front and front exit coats are gray-steel in color with six buttons with colored buttonholes with emblems on the collar, shoulder straps are in tone with the greatcoat, woven.

The rules specifically stipulated a winter dress uniform for officers and generals for parades in Moscow , hero cities and capitals of the Union republics (gold epaulets for an overcoat, white gloves instead of brown ones and a special emblem for a cockade on a cap with earflaps for officers). It should be noted that at the November parades on Red Square, military personnel (officers, cadets, soldiers and non-commissioned sergeants) traditionally went out in caps, not ear-flaps.

The everyday officer uniform (for the system - in lightweight equipment and boots; out of order - without equipment, in boots) did not undergo any significant changes, except for changing the color of the trousers from blue to protective and changing the design of the shirt - chest patch pockets with flaps with buttons were added. Epaulettes on a tunic and on an everyday overcoat - also remained a protective color.

In areas with a hot climate, as well as in hot weather, officers and generals were allowed to wear out of order a shirt without a tunic, with necessarily wearing shoulder straps.

Instead of a gymnast, a protective single-breasted closed tunic with a turn-down collar and side welt pockets was introduced for the field uniform of officers. A protective cap with protective edging and a cockade and protective trousers in boots relied on the tunic. The appearance of a tunic resembled one of the options for uniforms, considered in the mid-1960s. This option was approved during the discussion, since the gymnast, with all her unconditional advantages, was outdated and did not meet the new requirements, for example, the safety of use in conditions of radioactive or chemical infection. In areas with a hot climate, it was allowed to wear a tunic with a slightly modified design, which allowed wearing a tunic with an unbuttoned top button.

In addition to the traditional overcoat, officers were supposed to wear a warmed coat of a protective color with a turn-down collar with buttonholes for the winter uniform.

Overtime

Форма одежды военнослужащих сверхсрочной службы — как парадная, повседневная, так и полевая — была полностью аналогичной офицерской за исключением цветных нарукавных эмблем по родам войск и служб (основа — цвета рода войск, на ней — стилизованый золотой контур щита, выше — красная пятиконечная звезда с золотым серпом и молотом и золотой окантовкой и ниже — эмблема рода войск) на левых рукавах парадных кителей сверхсрочников (на уровне локтя), а также знаков-угольников за сверхсрочную службу (над обшлагом), носимых при любой форме.

Те же самые изменения были проведены относительно обмундирования женщин-военнослужащих: для парадной и парадно-выходной формы вводились элементы (берет с кокардой с эмблемой, мундир, юбка) цвета «морской волны» или синего (в ВВС и ВДВ), без парадного ремня; для повседневной формы все элементы приобрели защитный цвет, без ношения полевого снаряжения (последнее — только с платьем защитного цвета при полевой форме с сапогами). Для зимней формы одежды осталась меховая шапка, светло-серое (для парадной) и темно-серое пальто без петлиц на воротнике (для повседневной и полевой).

Военнослужащие срочной службы

Для парадной формы солдатам и сержантам срочной службы , а также курсантам военных учебных заведений полагался открытый защитный мундир офицерского покроя, но иным кроем — с острыми лацканами — воротника, с цветными петлицами (с латунной золочёной окантовкой) с эмблемами, цветными погонами с латунными литерами «СА». К мундиру полагалась рубашка защитного цвета с защитным галстуком, брюки защитного цвета, фуражка с цветным околышем и защитной тульёй. На околыше крепилась красная звезда с эмблемой в виде золочёного лаврового венка. На левом рукаве нашивалась цветная эмблема рода войск, для курсантов чуть ниже эмблемы — золочёные нашивки за годы обучения на голубой (ВВС) или красной подкладке.

Изначально предполагалось, что все элементы парадной формы будут вышитыми жёлтой металлизированной нитью, либо выштампованными из латуни, однако сразу же появились упрощения в виде замены металлики простым шелком. Впоследствии все нашивные знаки и эмблемы стали изготовляться из синтетических материалов, что повышало износостойкость, но выглядело, судя по всему, не так эстетично, так как при увольнении в запас военнослужащие старались достать для оформления обмундирования именно положенный им по Приказу МО СССР «металлик», заменяя им всю синтетику, где только можно.

Ремень остался прежним для всех видов обмундирования — коричневый, с латунной пряжкой с тиснёной пятиконечной звездой; без изменений осталось и полевое снаряжение.

Однобортная шинель приобрела более нарядный вид за счёт четырёх фальшпуговиц в ряд. Поскольку шинель выдавалась одна как для парадной, так и для повседневной и даже полевой носки, на цветных погонах шинели крепились литеры «СА», а на рукавах — нарукавные знаки по родам войск. Следует отметить, что на всех видах головных уборов (кроме фуражек и голубых беретов ВДВ) военнослужащих срочной службы сохранилась (на шапке ушанке — до 1973 г.) простая металлическая звезда без эмблемы в виде золочёного венка.

The everyday uniforms of military servicemen consisted of a closed cloth or cotton tunic resembling a field officer (but a lighter shade), but with cuffs of buttons on the buttons with colored buttonholes and brass emblems, brass buttons, colored shoulder straps without letters. The cloth tunic was worn only with a cap with a colored peg, and whether with a cap with earflaps in winter, with a leather belt, with protective breeches (similar to the period of the 1950-1960s) in boots. A cloth tunic with cloth epaulettes and buttonholes and breeches were worn in winter by conscripts outside the USSR and commandant units in the regiments. They wore ash boots. All other soldiers within the USSR wore tarpaulin boots, a linoleum belt, a cap (in winter - a cap with earflaps), cotton uniforms at any time of the year. In winter, additional winter pants and sweatshirt + x \ summer summer underwear from bikes and bike winter footcloths were added. In summer, underwear - blue satin shorts and a blue tank top. Linen footcloths. Leather belts, handkerchiefs, collars were bought by the soldiers on their own.

For the Airborne Forces in everyday form, a beret of light blue (blue) color with a cockade as on caps, a tunic with an open top button and a blue-and-white vest under the tunic was installed.

The field uniform consisted of an everyday tunic with colored shoulder straps and buttonholes, a protective cap with a red star, and well-deserved badges (class specialist, Warrior-athlete, SA Excellent, Komsomol badge). Both the belt and field camping equipment in accordance with the specialty and the steel helmet (helmet) SSh60 or SSh68 relied on the field uniform. For example, soldiers - motorized riflemen of an engineer and engineer company (ISR) never wore field camping unloading equipment. It was worn only by the arrows of motorized rifle battalions of regiments.

The working form has remained basically the same, without significant changes, with the exception of the working form of construction units, close to the general army. The distinction signs did not rely on the working uniform, but this rule was violated everywhere, including by officers.

For tankers and crews of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, working (combat) overalls (for all categories of military personnel) were equipped with a special diamond-shaped sign on the right side of the chest with the image of the T-55 tank, made of plastisol on a woven base; wearing uniform was allowed to wear everyday uniforms, and when working with equipment in the park, a black cloth beret with an officer cockade or a small soldier’s star (since 1973). Drivers of other military and transport vehicles wore a black cotton jacket and trousers, a caps.

Unification of colors

As part of the 1969 reform, there was a partial unification of the colors of the arms and services . Four colors have been preserved for general’s buttonholes, edgings and bands: blue (Air Force), black (artillery, tank troops) with red piping, raspberry (engineering troops, communications troops, military medical / veterinary / legal / administrative), red ( all other branches of the army and services). The same colors were set for the rest of the military, with the exception of the black colored bands and buttonholes and red piping for the engineering troops, technical troops (and all troops and services somehow related to them) and the communications troops, as well as the blue piping and piping of the airborne officers . The colors of the sleeve insignia (necessarily the color of the bands, shoulder straps and buttonholes) were even more easily distributed: red (motorized infantry troops, military conductors and musicians, commandant service), raspberry (medical and veterinary services), blue (air force, army aviation and airborne forces), black (other).

NOTE : The main branch of service in which the soldier served was indicated by the color of the buttonholes and the sleeve insignia, and the branch of the unit of direct belonging of the soldier by specialty was the brass emblem on the buttonholes. So, a military medic, a warrant officer, an over-conscript (for example, a medical assistant or the head of a pharmacy), serving in the aviation unit, wore the Navy emblem (snake with a cup) on the blue buttonholes (in the form of the Air Force), and the Air Force emblem (winged propeller) on the sleeve insignia. Or - the captain, commander of a tank company or reconnaissance motorized rifle regiment, wore the emblem of the tank troops on the red buttonholes. The signalmen wore the emblem of the communications troops (the “fly,” as they called it) on their buttonholes; but the sleeve insignia of the Liaison Forces and black buttonholes - only when serving directly in the units of communications (for example, an instructor in the training regiment), in parts of other military branches they wore eyelets of the color of the corresponding type of army. In motorized rifle regiments, it was practiced that all soldiers and non-commissioned sergeants wore everyday uniforms with red uniforms of motorized rifles, while soldiers and sergeants who came to the regiment after training units (sergeants and specialists) wore a full dress with black shoulder straps and caps. This was due to the saving of caps and shoulder straps.

ORPC

In 1971, by order of the Minister of Defense, a new form of the Separate Company of the Honor Guard of the Moscow Garrison was established ^[48] .

In general, the general form of the 1969 sample was established for ORPK, but with some additions.

With the general officer cut of the uniform (with an open single-breasted uniform on four buttons, a white shirt and a black tie), the color differences of the bands, piping, buttonholes were preserved, first of all. Land platoon officers received uniforms based on the color of the "sea wave" with red instrument cloth and golden metal; Air Force platoon officers - the base is blue, with a blue instrument, with the same golden instrument metal. On cuffs edged with a red edging, small embroidered laurel leaves were placed.

The rank and file of the Ground Forces have a cap of a cap, a tunic and trousers - of a protective color, buttonholes and shoulder straps with a golden edging, on shoulder straps - the letters "SA". Private Air Force has a blue uniform with blue piping, buttonholes, and bands. Both officers and privates (in the order — on the right sleeve, de facto in the photo — on both sleeves) relied on the sleeve signs of the Motorized Rifle Forces or the Air Force (the location of the sleeve signs was related to the specifics of the passage of the Honor Guard with a Solemn March), embroidered on the lining of respectively red and blue cloth with a golden clerk and silk.

The officers were set with a cockade and sewing on a band cap on the model of a metallized emblem arr. 1969. For sergeants and privates, the emblem for the star was not stamped, but embroidered. A uniform filigree belt and a single emblem of the Guard of Honor (except for the Air Force) in the form of a stylized five-pointed star with a shield with the Coat of Arms of the USSR centered on the caps of the caps (the same elements and emblems with a common full uniform will be kept in other similar units) relied on the caps of officers and privates for example, PKK in hero cities, capitals of the Union republics, capitals of military districts and military groups). The flying emblem was placed on the tops of the Air Force caps.

Axelbants (assigned to all servicemen of the company) and boots remained unchanged. The winter form remained unchanged (with the exception of new shoulder straps and sleeve insignia). The entire personnel in the performance of military rituals wore officers' overcoats (a ground platoon - gray-steel, an air platoon - blue, a navy platoon - black) on six buttons with buttonholes (with a gold edging and an emblem) on the collar (buttonholes - except for the platoon Navy). Under a greatcoat lay a white muffler. As a winter headdress, a cap with earflaps from karakul was used.

Belts of officers - officer front doors, of an existing sample, with a saber instead of daggers; sergeants and soldiers - bleached, with a copper buckle, as well as pouches for the SKS carbine. All servicemen were supposed to wear white gloves.

Musicians of the ORPC Orchestra and the Consolidated Orchestra Regiment of the Moscow Garrison

The musicians of the ORPC orchestra received a similar form, but with a conductor lyre on the caps of their caps and buttonholes, as well as the corresponding sleeve insignia. The lyres also adorned the corpses of officer caps. All the colors of the musicians' uniforms were modeled on the ceremonial form of the ORPK mouth. Belts of officers - ceremonial, with daggers.

The same form was established for the Consolidated Orchestra Regiment of the Moscow garrison .

Changes of the 1970-1980s

In 1973, by order of the Minister of Defense, the new Rules for wearing military uniforms were approved ^[49] . This was due, first of all, to the introduction of new ranks for servicemen of extra-long service - warrant officer and senior warrant officer.

The most significant changes were as follows:

• a partial change of the front cockade to the front officer caps related to the refinement and manufacturability of the drawing;
• for everyday outfits (including those with a summer raincoat or a shirt without a tunic), generals and officers were introduced to wear trousers both worn out (from the colonel and above - brown leather boots) and boots;
• wearing a summer protective coat with a summer front-dress uniform is permitted for generals and officers;

• the introduction of a new field uniform for generals and marshals - a similar officer mod. 1969, - including a protective closed single-breasted tunic with oak (Marshals of the Soviet Union) or laurel leaves embroidered with protective silk at the ends of the collar, collar and cuff with edging; protective trousers - with stripes; field cap with edging; winter insulated jacket with a zipper with a fur collar; summer raincoat with colored buttonholes, allowed to be worn with a summer tunic;
• for hot areas, officers are allowed to wear a lightweight field uniform with boots;
• a military tunic was introduced for military women of extra-long service, with a similar cut to a soldier’s one, with colored buttonholes and shoulder straps (with boots and lightweight field equipment).
• a star with an emblem, a laurel wreath, is attached to all hats of conscripts, except for the cap;
• a bleached belt with a gilded brass buckle was introduced for all types of dress uniforms for military servicemen and cadets;
• on the right sleeve of conscripts entered golden rectangular stripes by years of service;
• on everyday and field epaulettes of conscripts, the letters “SA” are installed; on all epaulettes of cadets - letters “K”.
• in areas with a hot climate it is allowed to wear a tunic with an open collar, as well as lightweight uniforms with boots;
• for the field uniform of urgent employees, the belt buckle is of a protective color.
• for officers and generals participating in parades in Moscow, hero cities, capitals of the Union republics - gold epaulets for an overcoat, white gloves, a cockade with an emblem on an earflap (as in the Air Force), for participants in Moscow parades, additionally - a gold edging for buttonholes and wearing golden axelbant under the right shoulder strap.

For all military personnel with a patch on the left arm, in the event of participation in the parade on Red Square, it was worn on the right sleeve. On the right side of the blue berets, a red flag with the emblem of the airborne forces among the paratroopers also migrated. These changes were not specifically regulated and were not reflected in the Wear Rules, although they could be regularly observed annually on November 7 during the Moscow parade.

With dress uniforms, the Airborne Forces could wear a blue beret - in this case, instead of a shirt, a vest was worn under a tunic. From the field, they were also allowed to wear blue berets and various camouflage and camouflage suits, which were not regulated by the Rules.

Further, minor and more or less significant changes are introduced by individual orders and orders without changing the entire organization system and wearing the uniform.

• In 1974, the status of army generals was changed, who were equated with the Marshals of the armed forces. As a result of this, new insignia on epaulettes are introduced, and a new insignia similar to the insignia of the Marshals and the Chief Marshals of the armed forces is the “Little Marshal Star ”.
• In 1975, in order to strengthen the position of the officer corps and make the uniform of officers more distinguished from the uniform of the super officers, a gold filigree strap was placed on the everyday caps of officers, and on the everyday tunic, there were buttonholes on the front uniform with a gold edging.

In April 1976, Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union A. Grechko died after a long illness. He was replaced by an experienced military-economic leader, Army General (later - Marshal of the Soviet Union) D.F.Ustinov . The new Minister did not consider it necessary to carry out any reforms, including in the uniform and supply of troops of the Soviet Army, especially since the existing form did not cause serious complaints. Some changes occurred only in the early 1980s:

• embroidered with yellow-golden shreds similar to the front, but simplified scheme, representing an ornament of oak (Marshals of the Soviet Union) or laurel branches (1980);
• silver uniforms were canceled, all engineering ranks were replaced by combined arms (1980);
• the rules for wearing awards on the parade uniforms of military personnel have been changed (1980);
• it is allowed to wear a shirt without a tunic for everyday non-uniform in hot weather. (late 80s)

Development of a new field form

In 1975, the Central things department (CVU) of the USSR Armed Forces began to develop a set of field summer (winter) uniforms of a new type for servicemen of the USSR Armed Forces consisting of: field jacket; trousers of direct cut field; warmed field jacket; field warmed trousers; field cap.

In 1976, various units were tested in units, differing in fabric, different number of pockets, their size, location, etc. In 1978, sets began to arrive at the stores of the emergency stock (NZ) of clothing services of military districts. The uniform was an internal development of the TsVU Armed Forces of the USSR on the basis of the special uniform of scouts and special clothing of the tank troops of the Red Army and the SA. Later, this form became the basis for a new field uniform for all military personnel and received the unofficial names of “ Afghan ”, “Experimental”, “Sand”, “Vole”, “Warsaw”. However, this form was not officially established at that time (late 1970s - early 1980s).

External events interfered with the process. In December 1979, the USSR introduced the "Limited contingent of the Soviet Army" into the territory of Afghanistan ( DRA ). A ten-year war began in Afghanistan (the Afghan war ), which put forward a number of serious requirements, including the uniform of the Soviet Army, as well as its logistics support systems.

The main claims were made to the officer and general field uniforms of the sample 1969-1973. The dense tunic didn’t fit the hot mountain climate of Afghanistan, the dark khaki and cap unmasked the officer and made him a convenient target for a sniper. Not without reason experienced Afghan officers tried to immediately abandon the officers 'jackets, preferring soldiers' cotton with the corresponding insignia. However, the uniform of the sergeant and rank-and-file staff also did not cause enthusiasm due to obvious inconveniences during direct combat clashes, including due to tightness in movements, as well as the inconvenient location of pockets. Some problems were solved directly on the ground (for example, colored buttonholes, epaulets, badges and cockades were removed from the uniform and replaced with protective ones, as a rule, immediately upon arrival in the DRA or after the first clash), some required a radical alteration of the entire field uniform .

According to the experience of the first years of the war, special mountain rifle units with a special field uniform, including trousers gathered at the ankles, special equipment and special footwear (high-laced boots) were recreated as part of motorized rifle units ^[50] .

For parts and subunits of the "Limited Contingent" for several years in the early 1980s, experimental models were created that were tested during various military exercises (West - 81, West - 82), as well as in the Border Troops of the KGB of the USSR (camouflage overalls and field uniforms made entirely of camouflage fabric (1985). In the future, the new uniform was supposed to spread to the entire Soviet Army, replacing the outdated field and, possibly, everyday uniforms. The best world achievements in this area were taken as a sample, including the uniform and equipment not only of the Warsaw Treaty armies (traditionally Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.), but also of NATO member countries. In addition to uniforms, new personal protective equipment was developed, as well as camouflage and other means.

The general direction in the development of the new field uniform was as follows: loose fit, not restricting movement, the ability to use camouflage means (overalls, anorak jackets , etc. from both plain and camouflage fabrics of various kinds), convenient location of pockets, including special fit uniforms for special units. The option of completely abandoning the boots and replacing them with boots with lacing was considered. The color of the new form initially differed from the traditional cotton form with a yellowish (“Afghan”) or sandy (“gerbil”) hue (the latter faded in the sun and was washed almost to white due to washing and was usually used by military special forces or GRU special forces ).

Camouflage in parts of the Soviet Army was used even before the Great Patriotic War, however, this use was episodic, was not popular, and mainly concerned some special-purpose units ^[50] . In the 1970-1980s. camouflage began to be widely used in combination with a field uniform in parts of the airborne forces. It should be noted that no one was wearing camouflage uniforms in the Soviet Army until the late 1980s. it didn’t exist, there were only separate items for combined wearing with a uniform (jackets, overalls, maskhalats). The rules of wearing military uniforms and Orders of the USSR Ministry of Defense did not regulate specific cases of using camouflage elements.

REFERENCE : The main camouflage pattern until the 1960s. there remained a two-color pattern of dark large amoeba-shaped spots on a green background (" Amoeba ", sample 1935). Then a new version of the camouflage pattern appeared - also two-tone - light spots on a green background, and the color of the spots and the background could vary from yellowish to pale. Due to the mesh fabric, light spots created the impression of enlarged raster graphics (“ Silver Leaf ” or “ Birch ”, model 1957). In the second half of the 1980s, a three-color camouflage appeared, combining brown, light and dark green spots (“ Oak ” or “ Bhutan ”, model 1984) ^[51] .

The new field uniform was approved in 1984 and began to enter the troops, primarily located in the Central Asian military district and the DRA. Since the spring-summer of 1986, the SA units participating in the liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident were manned with a new form in priority order. At the same time, the old uniform was not canceled or withdrawn from production, it still went to warehouses in the rear districts and even some groups of troops in the ATS countries. The unhurried process of re-uniforming, thus, clearly stretched over the years.

Uniform for officers and generals - representatives of the USSR Ministry of Defense abroad

Since 1985, radical changes began in the domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union. One of the first really tangible consequences was the reduction of international tension within the framework of the “ new way of thinking ”, the expansion of the negotiation process between the USSR and the USA (in particular, after the INF Treaty , December 1987), including at the level of defense departments. In 1988, the first official visit of this level took place under the leadership of Marshal of the Soviet Union S.F. Akhromeev .

For Soviet officers and generals who entered the delegation, a special form was made of light gray fabric with a warm protective shade (the shade could vary), consisting of a cap with a colored peg and a tulle of the main color, with a filigree strap, a dense open shirt with golden buttons, без галстука, с короткими рукавами, с пристяжными галунными погонами в цвет рубашки, брюк (без кантов и лампасов) навыпуск, ботинок коричневого цвета. Фуражка с окантовкой в цвет тульи.

Осенью 1988 г. эта форма была официально принята для представителей МО СССР за рубежом в странах с жарким климатом ^[52] .

Новые Правила ношения военной формы одежды 1988 г.

4 марта 1988 г. новый Министр обороны СССР, генерал армии Д. Т. Язов подписал приказ № 250 «О введении в действие Правил ношения военной формы одежды военнослужащими Советской Армии и Военно-Морского Флота» ^[53] . Это был последний документ подобного рода в истории Советской Армии.

Нововведения 1988 года узаконивали и приводили в систему большинство изменений, произошедших за пятнадцать лет и введённых в действие приказами воинских начальников разного уровня. С другой стороны, они содержали ряд принципиальных новшеств, представлявших своего рода пилотные проекты по дальнейшему преобразованию формы одежды советских военнослужащих.

Изменения, сохраняя общую принципиальную основу униформы, сводились к следующему:

• фактически завершилась унификация расцветок, в качеств прибора сохранялись три цвета — красный (генералы (общвойсковой (медслужба, юстиция, адмслужба и т. д.), инженерные и технические войска, войска связи, ВДВ), армия — мотострелки, общвойсковой (медслужба, юстиция, адмслужба и т. д.)), голубой (генералы (ВВС), армия — ВВС, ВДВ), чёрный (генералы (артиллерия, танковые войска), армия — все остальные);
• вновь отменялось ношение кортика офицерами при парадном и парадно-выходном обмундировании;
• для летней парадно-выходной формы генералов и маршалов оставлен только светло-серый открытый китель, устанавливалась фуражка с тульёй цвета «морской волны» и шитьём на околыше как на парадных фуражках;
• на папахи генералов, участвующих в парадах в г. Москве, столицах союзных республик и городах-героях устанавливалась кокарда с эмблемой (как в ВВС);
• допускалось ношение генералами и офицерами летней парадно-выходной и повседневной формы без кителя, в рубашке с погонами белого (парадная) или защитного (повседневная) цвета (это же право получили военнослужащие-срочники при парадно-выходной форме с рубашкой защитного цвета); к парадно-выходному и повседневному обмундированию мог надеваться плащ или летнее пальто (для генералов);
• к летней повседневной форме вне строя генералов и офицеров допускалось ношение белой рубашки с защитным галстуком и белыми погонами;
• к летней повседневной форме вне строя для генералов и офицеров — ботинки коричневого цвета;
• при повседневной летней форме вне строя офицерам разрешено носить рубашку без галстука с расстегнутым воротником и короткими рукавами; специальная форма офицеров для районов с жарким климатом отменена;
• для повседневной летней формы для строя вводился новый, точнее, хорошо позабытый элемент обмундирования — офицерская пилотка из той же ткани, что и основная форма, в тон ей, с кантами и кокардой; пилотка носится только с офицерской шерстяной курткой (ещё один новый элемент сразу по достоинству оценённый военными) с прорезными карманами с клапанами, отложным воротником, на пуговицах; при нестроевой форме с курткой надевается фуражка;
• для военнослужащих-женщин при летней форме для строя обязательно облегчённое снаряжение М55;
• на повседневной форме военнослужащих срочной службы, включая специальную форму для районов с жарким климатом, погоны, петлицы, эмблемы — защитного цвета; цветные элементы на кителе сохранили только курсанты, как и повседневную фуражку;
• несмотря на введение новой полевой формы одежды, Правила оставляли для ношения солдат-срочников и курсантов и старую, образца 1973 года (для курсантов — с цветными петлицами и погонами), очевидно, как некоторый переходный вариант;
• в частях, в которых при переходе на летнюю форму одежды весной 1989 года военнослужащим срочной службы была выдана форма образца 1973 года, в жаркую погоду разрешалось засучивать рукава и не застёгивать на вороте крючок и верхнюю пуговицу;
• for military servicemen and Airborne Forces cadets, in a traditional blue beret, an outdoor jumpsuit in protective color or in camouflage fabric (“Butane”) is introduced in a special cut with a hidden fastener and patch pockets with flaps on the chest, sleeves, and hips; in corners of a turn-down collar - emblems of protective color; a traditional vest is put on under the jumpsuit; belt - over the jumpsuit.

All elements of uniforms of officers traditionally extended to warrant officers, foremen and sergeants of over-the-counter service.

The innovation in 1988 was a new field uniform , created taking into account the requirements of the Afghan war and the wishes of a variety of military units and formations. In fact, it was an improved form cook in 1984.

The field uniform was uniform in cut and production material for all categories of military personnel and could be made from simple fabric of a protective color of a warm shade (base color), or from camouflage fabric, although initially the camouflage was established only for the Airborne Forces. Likewise, the common absence for all categories was the complete absence of colored elements on the field form.

The new form, which received the same unofficial name of " Afghan ", included the following elements:

a) base color caps with earphones (usually worn rolled up), a protective visor; a protective cockade (generals, officers, over-conscripts) or a small five-pointed star of a protective color was attached to the cap; for the winter form - a cap with earflaps of an established pattern with similar cockades;

b) a jacket of the basic color of loose fit with breast, hip and sleeve sewn-in pockets with Velcro flaps, cuffs, shoulder straps, an open turn-down collar, in the corners of the collar - a metal emblem of the military type of protective color; for the winter form - a warmed jacket of a similar cut with a fur collar; over a jacket - a belt or field equipment;

c) trousers of basic color of direct cut with hip embroidered pockets with flaps on Velcro fasteners; for the winter form - insulated trousers of a similar cut, adapted for socks with warm linen;

d) boots of the established sample; the wearing of other shoes was not permitted by the Rules, however, judging by the photographs, it was not forbidden to wear high-laced boots and even ordinary boots for everyday wear.

Field uniforms of the airborne forces included a jumpsuit similar to that described above for the everyday uniforms of cadets of military servicemen of the Airborne Forces with the replacement of a beret with a cap. The rules depict overalls, caps, a winter jacket made of camouflage fabric, however, in practice, the material of the base color was often used.

The field general's epaulettes were fastened to the drivers of jackets. The ranks of all other servicemen were indicated directly on the carts with asterisks (no gaps) and dark green little strings.

The new field form did not raise any particularly serious objections, including among the generals. In the last years of the existence of the Soviet Army and the USSR, it was the new field that unfortunately became its last calling card due to the participation of army units in the tragic events in Tbilisi, Nagorno-Karabakh (1989-1990), Baku (1990), and the Baltic states (1991) etc. For the last time in massive quantities, the field army uniform was demonstrated in August 1991 on the streets of Moscow .

Summary: New Projects

Without changing, in general, the existing uniform of the Soviet Army (with the exception of the field uniform), the 1988 Rules actually preserved the situation in the field of uniforms. However, the situation became problematic: in the context of economic problems of the late 1980s, the introduction of a more economical, technological and ergonomic production of clothing items was required.

In the course of resolving this issue in 1988-1989, the Ministry of Defense instructed the rear and quartermaster services to proceed with the elaboration of appropriate changes in various types of uniforms for military personnel.

The results of this work turned out to be very similar to recommendations, for example, the mid-1960s - the introduction of a single base military color, the transition to a tunic with patch pockets as simpler and more economical to manufacture, the abolition of colored buttonholes and piping, and more. Perhaps for this reason, most reform projects were generally negatively evaluated by the leadership of the Ministry of Defense ^[54] .

According to other sources, in the summer of 1991, a board of the Ministry of Defense nevertheless made a positive general decision on changing the military uniform, but they could not (or did not have time) to implement it due to a sharp complication of the socio-political situation in the country ^{[55 ]}

On February 11, 1992, Order No. 50 of the CIS Air Force Commander-in-Chief Marshal of Aviation E. M. Shaposhnikov “On temporary changes in military uniforms for the period from 1992 to 1995” was signed. The point in the history of the military uniform of the Soviet Army was set definitively and officially.

Films

• In the area of ​​special attention (1977)
• Loon Scream (1980)
• Reciprocal move (1981)
• Polygon (1982)
• State Border, movie 8th (1988)
• One Hundred Days Before Order (1990)
• Afghan Kink (1991)
• Wanted Dangerous Criminal (1992)
• Three August Days (1992)
• The border. Taiga novel (2000)
• 9th company (2005)

• Military uniform of the Russian Federation
• Uniforms of state security agencies, Internal and Border Troops of the USSR

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