A deaf, retroflex spirant is a consonant sound that is present in some languages (for example, in Russian: [sh]).
| Deaf retroflex sybilant | |
|---|---|
| ʂ | |
| MFA Number | 136 |
| Unicode (hex) | U + 282 |
| HTML (decimal) | & # 642; |
| X-SAMPA | s` |
| Kirshenbaum | s. |
| Cyrillic | w |
| MFA Braille | |
Properties
- The method of formation is a whistling fricative , which means that the air stream must be released through a narrow channel, causing high-frequency jitter.
- At the place of education, the consonant is retroflex , which means that the sound is made with the tip of the tongue slightly bent, or that the consonant is postalveolar, but without palatalization. That is, in addition to the pronunciation itself with the bent tip of the tongue, the contact can also be apical (with a pointed tip) and laminar (flat).
- The sound is muffled , which means that when you pronounce it, the vocal cords are relaxed.
- This is an oral consonant , which means that sound passes only through the mouth .
- The consonant is central , that is, the air stream passes in the center of the tongue, and not on the sides.
- The mechanism of formation of an air stream is expiratory pulmonary, which means that sound is produced by expelling air from the lungs through the vocal tract , and not through the glottis or mouth.
Distribution
In the transcriptions given, diacritics can be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminar [ʂ̻] .
| Tongue | The word | MFA | Transfer | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazian | am sh | [amʂ] | 'day' | |
| Adyghe | p sh | [pʂaːʂa] | 'girl' | |
| Chinese | North Chinese | 石 w and | [ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥] | 'a rock' |
| Faroese | fý rs | [fʊʂ] | 'eighty' | |
| Malayalam | കഷ്ടി | [käʂʈi] | 'scarce' | |
| Norwegian | fo rs amling | [fɔʂɑmːlɪŋ] | 'collection' | |
| Pashto | southern dialect | ښودل | [ʂ̺odəl] | 'show' |
| Polish [1] | sz um | [ˈꟅ̻um] listen | 'noise' | |
| Russian [1] | w ut | [ʂut̪ʰ] | 'jester' | |
| Sicilian | str ata | [ˈꟅːaːta] | 'the outside' | |
| Slovak [2] | š atka | [ˈꟅatka] | 'scarf' | |
| Swedish | fo rs | [fɔʂ] | 'rapids' | |
| Telugu | అభిలాషి | [ʌbʱilaːʂi] | 'one who desires' | |
| Vietnamese | southern dialects [3] | s ữa | [ʂɨə˧ˀ˥] | 'milk' |
| Nose | ꏂ sh y | [ʂ̺ɿ˧] | 'gold' | |
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Hamann (2004 : 65)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010 : 374)
- ↑ Thompson (1959 : 458–461)
Literature
- Hamann, Silke (2004), " Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages ", Journal of the International Phonetic Association T. 34 (1): 53–67 , DOI 10.1017 / S0025100304001604
- Hanulíková, Adriana & Hamann, Silke (2010), " Slovak ", Journal of the International Phonetic Association T. 40 (3): 373–378 , DOI 10.1017 / S0025100310000162
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), Tilquiapan Zapotec , Journal of the International Phonetic Association T. 38 (1): 107–114 , DOI 10.1017 / S0025100308003344
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), " An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan ", MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington , < http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages /torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf >
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), " Saigon phonemics ", Language T. 35 (3): 454–476 , DOI 10.2307 / 411232