Yellow rice firestorm [1] ( lat. Chilo suppressalis ) is a butterfly of the family of herbaceous fire-fighting plants, inhabiting cultivated, wild-growing and weedy plants of the family of cereals .
Flame yellow rice |
|
Scientific classification |
---|
No rank : | Bilateral symmetric |
Hoard : | Insects with full transformation |
Nadotryad : | Amphiesmenoptera |
Infrastructure : | Butterflies |
|
International Scientific Name |
---|
Chilo suppressalis ( Walker , 1860) |
Synonyms |
---|
- Crambus suppressalis Walker, 1863
- Jartheza simplex Butler, 1880
- Chilo simplex
- Chilo oryzae Fletcher, 1928
|
|
The head and chest are whitish, with a slight brown tinge and a slight admixture of brown scales. In the Astrakhan population, the antennae of butterflies of males and females without cilia are short, do not exceed the length of half of the front wing [2] . Palpi relatively long, more or less straight, protruding forward. The front wings are of moderate width, with a slightly pointed top. In males, they are grayish-brown with four dark specks obliquely in the middle part of the wing. In some butterflies, these spots are hardly visible or absent. Along the outer edge of the wing there is a row of dark points. In females, the design of the front wings is the same, but they are much lighter, straw-colored. The hind wings are white, with a silky sheen and short fringe. Fore wing length 10–16 mm; male wingspan 15–17 mm, females - 18–22 mm. Caterpillars of recent age reach a length of 20–27 mm. The head is dark yellow, the prothoracic shield is yellow. The body is light yellow, grayish after wintering. Along the body are 5 narrow gray-brown stripes.
Lives in Asia, America and Africa. Less widespread in Europe and Australia. In Russia, noted in Primorsky Krai. Since the 1980s, caterpillars of new pest have been discovered in rice stalks in Dagestan and Astrakhan Oblast. It was believed that with the advent of undersized thick-stemmed rice varieties, the stem moth expanded the range of forage plants. However, the results of the study of the morphological features of butterflies from the Astrakhan region indicate that they are not identical to the Far Eastern individuals [2] .
Older caterpillars winter in plant debris of rice and weeds. Diapausing caterpillars can tolerate light frosts. In most areas of the range has two generations per year, in less favorable conditions - only one, such as in northern Japan. The maximum can have up to six generations per year, which is observed in the tropics. In Primorsky Krai, presumably, one generation. Butterflies fly from late July to August. Butterflies lay up to 300 eggs in several portions from the underside of the leaf, usually along the main vein, and cover them with brown secretions. After 6-10 days, the caterpillars hatch and begin to feed on the leaf epidermis, subsequently penetrating inside the plant. The development cycle ranges from 35 to 70 days.
The main pest of rice in Japan, China, India, Bangladesh, Iran, Spain, Taiwan and Vietnam. Caterpillars damage leaves and stalks of rice, buckwheat, millet, maize and cereal weeds. Leaving the inside of the stem by the caterpillars leads to twisting, drying, and falling off of the leaves. Damage to young plants leads to the death of the growing point and the surrounding leaves, a symptom of a “dead heart”. In older plants, severe infection leads to the formation of completely devastated stems and empty sweepers, a symptom of “white head”. One caterpillar damages several plants; serious outbreaks of mass reproduction can destroy 100% of the crop.
1) Plowing and irrigating rice fields in early spring to destroy overwintered caterpillars and pupae; 2) postponement and synchronization of planting dates of rice, in order to reduce the favorable conditions for laying eggs of the overwinter generation butterflies; 3) the use of resistant rice varieties; 4) the use of pheromone and light traps for the mechanical destruction of butterflies and the monitoring of the appearance of a pest for the timely signaling of measures for the chemical protection of crops on the peak of the flight of butterflies; 5) the rejection of the use of chemical insecticides for the first 30 days after rice transplantation, the use of microbiological insecticides in fields with an average level of damage and fipronil during the mass flight of butterflies; 6) timely informing farmers about the correct use of plant protection products [3] .