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Treaty on the Elimination of Medium and Shorter Range Missiles

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (IRNFT ) is an agreement between the USSR and the USA , signed by Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan on December 8, 1987 during the Soviet-American summit level in Washington .

INF Treaty
Treaty on the Elimination of Medium and Shorter Range Missiles
Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg
President Reagan and Secretary General Gorbachev sign the INF Treaty in the eastern room of the White House.
date of signingDecember 8, 1987
• a placeUSA Washington , USA
Entry into forceJune 1, 1988
• conditionsThe parties pledged to destroy all complexes of ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles of medium (1000–5500 km) and shorter (from 500 to 1000 km) ranges, and also not to produce, test or deploy such missiles in the future
End of actionAugust 2, 2019
SignedMikhail Gorbachev
Ronald reagan
Parties the USSR
USA
USSR stamp, Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Elimination of Intermediate and Shorter Range Missiles, December 1987

The agreement entered into force on June 1, 1988. For the first time in history, the treaty allowed the elimination of a whole class of weapons: the parties pledged to destroy all complexes of ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles of medium (1000–5500 km) and shorter (from 500 to 1000 km) ranges, and also to not produce, test, or deploy such rockets in the future. In accordance with the Treaty, the parties within three years had to destroy all launchers and ground-based missiles with a range of 500 to 5500 kilometers, including missiles both on European and Asian territories of the USSR. The contract provided for verification procedures by inspectors who were required to monitor the destruction of missiles of the opposite side.

Prior to the signing of the Treaty in the United States, ballistic missiles were divided at intercontinental (over 5000 km), medium (from 500 to 5000 km) and short (from 150 to 500 km) ranges. In the USSR until the mid-1980s tactical missiles (from 1 to 500 kilometers) also stood out. In the US, tactical (tactical) missiles had flight range from 1 to 150 kilometers. In 1987, with the signing of the Treaty, a new classification was finally established. In relation to the period until the mid-1980s, the use of both classifications is legitimate in historical works.

According to Art. 3 of the Agreement, subject to destruction:

  • medium-range missiles
    • USSR - RSD-10 "Pioneer", " R-12 ", " R-14 " (according to NATO classification, "SS-20", "SS-4" and "SS-5, respectively) and ground-based cruise missiles of the Republic of Kazakhstan -55 (according to NATO classification - SSC-X-4 “Slingshot”);
    • USA - Pershing-2 and BGM-109G (ground-based Tomahawk cruise missile);
  • short-range missiles
    • USSR - “ OTR-22 Temp-S” and OTR-23 “Oka” (“SS-12” and “SS-23”);
    • USA - Pershing-1A .

By June 1991, the Treaty was fulfilled: the USSR destroyed 1,846 missile systems (of which about half were produced missiles that were not on combat duty ); USA - 846 complexes [1] .

After several mutual accusations of violation of the INF Treaty [2], the parties in February 2019 announced the suspension of compliance with their obligations under the Treaty [3] . On August 2, 2019, the Agreement finally terminated.

Background

In the mid-1970s, first in the USA, and then in the USSR, laser, infrared, and television systems were developed for guiding missiles to targets. This made it possible to achieve high accuracy of their hitting the target (according to various estimates - up to 30 meters). Experts talked about the possibility of delivering a new type of nuclear strike - a decapitating or blinding one, which would destroy the leadership of the opposite side before a decision is made to activate the retaliatory strike mechanism. This revived the idea of ​​the possibility of victory in the "limited nuclear war" thanks to a gain in flight time . On August 17, 1973, US Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger unveiled the concept of decapitation as a new basis for US nuclear policy. For its implementation, it was supposed to achieve a gain in flight time. The priority in the development of nuclear deterrence tools shifted from the strategic triad to medium and shorter range weapons. In 1974, this approach was enshrined in the fundamental documents on the US nuclear strategy.

In order to implement the doctrine of the United States, they began to modify the Forward Based System located in Western Europe. Within the framework of this project, US-British cooperation on the modification of ballistic missiles in submarines and medium-range missiles has increased. In 1974, Britain and France signed the Ottawa Declaration, according to which they pledged to develop a common defense system, including the nuclear sphere. In the USSR, these actions were perceived as a rejection by France of the concept of "independent defense" and a partial revision of the policy of gallism .

These actions caused alarm in the USSR. In 1976, Dmitry Ustinov became the Minister of Defense of the USSR, who was inclined to a tough response to US actions. The basis of the modified nuclear strategy of the USSR was the build-up of a fleet of heavy ICBMs with RGCh IN and, at the same time, cover for the European strategic direction. In 1977, the USSR began to deploy at the western borders of medium-range missiles RSD-10 "Pioneer" (SS-20). In total, about 300 missiles of this class were deployed, each of which was equipped with three individual combat guidance units for targeting. This allowed the USSR in a few minutes to destroy the military infrastructure of NATO in Western Europe - command centers, command posts and, especially, ports (the latter in the event of a war made it impossible for the American troops to land in Western Europe). Against the background of the total superiority of the USSR in conventional weapons, this gave the Warsaw Treaty Organization complete military superiority in the European theater of operations.

On December 12, 1979, the NATO Council adopted a “double decision,” which envisaged the deployment of 572 Pershing-2 missiles in Europe by 1983 in Europe. The short flying time of the Pershing-2 missiles (6-8 minutes) enabled the United States to launch its first strike at the command posts and launchers of Soviet ICBMs (while the deployed nuclear missiles were not taken into account in the then-Soviet-American strategic arms limitation agreements ) At the same time, NATO countries agreed to begin negotiations with the USSR in order to solve the problem of Soviet Euro-missiles by 1983.

Negotiations

Jimmy Carter’s administration hesitated whether to deploy Euro-rockets in Europe. In October 1980, negotiations began on the limitation of nuclear weapons in Europe. However, in November of that year, Republican Ronald Reagan won the presidential election in the United States, who took a tougher approach. In 1981, his administration proposed the “zero option” —the United States does not deploy medium- and shorter-range missiles and cruise missiles in Europe, and the USSR eliminates its Pioneer RSD-10 missiles. However, the USSR refused this approach. Firstly, there were no American missiles in Europe, and the Soviet leadership considered the liquidation of the “Pioneers” in exchange for “emptiness” an unequal exchange. Secondly, the American approach did not take into account the RSMD of Great Britain and France, which also posed a threat to the USSR. In contrast to Reagan’s proposals, Leonid Brezhnev put forward an “absolute zero” program in 1981, which implied that in response to the withdrawal of the RSD-10, the United States should not only refuse to deploy the Pershing-2 RSD, but also withdraw tactical nuclear weapons from Europe, eliminate the forward-based system and achieve the elimination of the British and French RSD. The United States did not accept the proposal, citing the superiority of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact in conventional armed forces.

In 1982, the Soviet side came up with new proposals. The Soviet Union announced a temporary moratorium on the deployment of the Pioneer RSD-10 until the signing of a comprehensive agreement. In addition, in 1982, the USSR proposed reducing the number of RSD-10 Pioneer to a similar number of French and British medium and shorter range missiles. But this proposal did not arouse understanding among NATO countries: France and Great Britain declared their nuclear arsenals “independent” and stated that the problem of deploying American INF troops in Western Europe was a matter of Soviet-American relations.

The situation changed in 1983. After the death of Brezhnev on November 10, 1982, Yuri Andropov , a supporter of a tough response to US actions, came to power in the USSR. At the same time, in March 1983, the Reagan administration announced the launch of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SOI) program, a full-fledged space-based system designed to intercept Soviet ICBMs on the accelerating section of the flight path. In this regard, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR prepared a series of analytical notes in which it was concluded that the Euro-rocket-SDI link poses a threat to the security of the USSR: first, the adversary will deliver a decapitation blow with Euro-missiles, followed by a counter-force strike using ICBMs with RGM IN , after which he will be able to intercept with the means of SDI the weakened strike of Soviet strategic nuclear forces. Therefore, in August 1983, Andropov announced that the USSR would conduct negotiations on the INF Treaty only in a package with negotiations on space weapons (i.e., SDI). At the same time, the USSR assumed unilateral obligations not to test anti-satellite weapons .

But the United States refused to conduct "package negotiations." In September 1983, the Americans began deploying their missiles in Britain, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands. On November 22, 1983, the Bundestag voted to deploy Pershing-2 missiles in Germany. These actions caused a sharply negative reaction in the USSR. On November 24, 1983, Andropov made a special statement that spoke of the growing danger of a nuclear war in Europe, the USSR withdrawing from the Geneva talks on Euro-missiles and taking retaliatory measures — the deployment of OTR-23 Oka (“SS-23”) on the territory of the German Democratic Republic and Czechoslovakia. With a range of up to 450 km, they theoretically could shoot through the whole territory of Germany, that is, deliver a preventive disarming strike at the locations of the Pershing. At the same time, the USSR advanced its nuclear submarines closer to the US coast.

An attempt to resume contacts between the parties began immediately after the death of Yuri Andropov on February 9, 1984. At his February 14 funeral, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and US Vice President George W. Bush attended. They proposed to resume negotiations on Euro-missiles, provided that the USSR "unblocks the package." In the Soviet leadership, however, there was no unity. The new general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Konstantin Chernenko, advocated negotiations with NATO countries, but Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov (who became actually the second person in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee) categorically refused to unblock the package. On June 29, 1984, the USSR proposed resuming negotiations on Euro-missiles on package terms. However, the United States (as expected) did not agree with this position. As the USSR continued the deployment of OTR-23 Oka in Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic under Andropov, the United States announced in the summer of 1984 that it intended to deploy Lance tactical missiles with neutron warheads in Europe.

In December 1984, the Great Britain was visited by the Soviet delegation led by Mikhail Gorbachev. But, despite the warm welcome, Thatcher categorically refused to conduct "package" negotiations. The situation changed after the death of Dmitry Ustinov on December 20, 1984 - a compromise line prevailed in the Soviet leadership. On February 7, 1985, at a meeting with US Secretary of State J. Schulz in Geneva, USSR Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko agreed to negotiate Euro-rockets separately from negotiations on space weapons. After Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee on March 10, 1985, negotiations resumed.

The position of the USSR in the negotiations has become softer. In the summer of 1985, Gorbachev introduced a moratorium on the deployment of OTR-23 Oka in Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic. Gorbachev and Reagan made an attempt to reach an agreement at the in November 1985. It ended in failure: the United States refused to withdraw medium-range missiles from Europe, and the USSR was close to re-blocking the package. But in January 1986, Gorbachev announced a program of phased elimination of nuclear weapons around the world and made a number of serious concessions. At the meeting between Gorbachev and Reagan in Reykjavik, the USSR agreed to “unblock the package” - to negotiate RSD separately from the SDI.

In the fall of 1986, the USSR proposed the option of exporting medium-range missiles: the USSR withdraws RSD-10 from the Urals, and the United States takes out Pershing-2 and ground-based cruise missiles to North America. Reagan agreed to accept this option. However, on December 24, 1986, Japan categorically opposed him: in Tokyo they were afraid that the USSR would redirect the RSD-10 to them. On January 1, 1987, China also opposed this option, where they also feared that they might become the target of the RSD-10. As a result, when in February 1987 the USSR proposed the “double zero” project, the United States, given the interests of Japan, refused to accept it.

Negotiation Result

A compromise was reached at the talks of USSR Minister of Foreign Affairs Eduard Shevardnadze in Washington in September 1987.

The USSR agreed to develop a unified classification according to the INF Treaty and to include Oka (“SS-23”) in the future OTR-23 treaty, although they did not fall under the definition of the INF Treaty. The United States, in turn, promised to destroy the Tomahawk ground-based cruise missiles and to refuse to deploy the Lance-2 OTP with neutron warheads in Central Europe.

On December 8, 1987, the Washington Treaty was signed, according to which the parties agreed to destroy all INFs as a class.

Contract Execution

By June 1991, the Treaty was fulfilled: the USSR destroyed 1,846 missile systems (of which about half were produced missiles that were not on combat duty); USA - 846 complexes [1] .

Contract Execution

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    A bunch of three RSD-10 missiles prepared for destruction, Kapustin Yar training ground , Astrakhan Region , August 1, 1988

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    Pershing 2 missiles for destruction, January 1989

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    US military inspectors on the elimination of RSD-10 missiles in the Chita Region , 1988

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    Soviet inspector examines ground-based Tomahawk missile before its destruction, October 1988

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    Soviet inspectors, October 1988

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    Signing a report on the destruction of the last OTR-23 missiles in accordance with the Treaty, Kazakhstan , October 1989

Termination of the Agreement

Russian Claims to the United States for Treaty Violations

On February 15, 2007, Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces Army General Yuri Baluyevsky said that Russia could begin to review the entire legal system of nuclear deterrence in response to the deployment of elements of the US missile defense system in Eastern Europe. In particular, according to him, Russia can unilaterally withdraw from the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate and Shorter-Range Missiles: “The Treaty ... has an unlimited duration, but the possibility of withdrawing from it exists if one of the parties provides convincing evidence of the need to withdraw. Today they exist: many countries are developing and improving medium-range missiles, and Russia, having fulfilled the INF Treaty, has lost many systems of these weapons ” [4] .

A similar statement about Russia's possible withdrawal from the INF Treaty earlier (in June 2000) was already made by Russian President Vladimir Putin in response to the US announcement of withdrawal from the ABM Treaty [1] .

Sergey Ivanov , when he was the Minister of Defense of Russia, described the INF Treaty as a “relic of the Cold War.” He stated that Russia should be armed with intermediate and shorter-range missiles, if only because India, Pakistan, Korea, China, Iran and Israel have them: “These countries are located close to our borders, and we don’t take this into account we can. Only two countries do not have the right to possess these missiles: Russia and the United States. This cannot go on forever ” [1] [5] .

In February 2007, Colonel General Nikolai Solovtsov , commander of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Armed Forces, said at a press conference that Russia was ready to restore the production of medium-range ballistic missiles: “As a class of ballistic missile systems were destroyed, but the documentation remained, the technology remained. In the shortest time, if necessary, the production of these complexes will be restored. But already with new technologies, on a new element base, with a new control system, with new capabilities ” [6] . This statement was made in response to reports that Poland and the Czech Republic intend to accept the US proposal for the deployment of missile defense elements (surveillance radar and interceptor missiles) on their territory.

Такой подход нашёл отражение и в официальных документах — так, в Обзоре внешней политики России (2007) отмечалось [7] : «Озабоченность вызывает ситуация, складывающаяся вокруг Договора между СССР и США о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности (РСМД). Ракеты этих двух классов были уничтожены в соответствии с Договором ещё в 1991 году, но с тех пор этому международно-правовому акту так и не было придано универсального характера. Более того, всё большее число государств, в том числе расположенных вблизи наших границ, разрабатывают и берут такие ракеты на вооружение. В этих условиях необходимо задуматься об обеспечении нашей собственной безопасности».

С точки зрения России, США нарушили Договор о РСМД, размещая в Европе пусковые установки противоракет , которые гипотетически могут быть использованы для размещения крылатых ракет , используя ракеты-мишени, сходные по характеристикам с ракетами средней и меньшей дальности наземного базирования, и наращивая производство и применение ударных беспилотных летательных аппаратов [2] [8] [9] .

Модули пусковых установок вертикального пуска мк.41 , уже размещённых в системе ПРО на территории Польши и Румынии, позволяют запускать не только противоракеты «Стандард 2» и «Стандард 3», но и ракеты « Томагавк » («Томагавк» — крылатая ракета средней дальности (1000—2200 км), способная нести и ядерные боеголовки). [ten]

В 2013 году США начали испытательные пуски с земли авиационной крылатой ракеты AGM-158 В с дальностью действия в тысячу километров. А в декабре 2017 года президент Трамп подписал законопроект об обороне, который в числе прочих предусматривал выделение 25 млн долларов на разработку новой крылатой ракеты данного типа. С российской точки зрения, это является нарушением Договора о РСМД [11] .

В июне 2013 года Владимир Путин на встрече с представителями ВПК РФ назвал решение СССР отказаться от ракет средней дальности «по меньшей мере спорным» [1] [12] , а глава администрации президента Сергей Иванов заявил о возможности выхода Российской Федерации из Договора [13] [14] .

Выход из Договора

В июле 2014 года президент США Барак Обама в письме Владимиру Путину впервые на уровне глав государств обвинил Россию в проведении испытаний крылатых ракет средней дальности, нарушающих Договор [1] . США утверждают, что в 2008—2011 гг. Россия в нарушение Договора проводила испытания крылатой ракеты наземного базирования на дальность более 500 км (речь идёт о ракете 9М729 [15] , разработанной екатеринбургским ОКБ «Новатор» им. Люльева); по утверждению российских официальных лиц, дальность действия этой ракеты заведомо меньше 500 км [16] ).

В ноябре 2016 года в Женеве впервые с 2003 года по инициативе США было созвано заседание специальной контрольной комиссии в рамках Договора о РСМД, однако озабоченности сторон снять не удалось [1] [17] .

В 2017 году американские СМИ со ссылкой на источники в госструктурах США сообщили: в Вашингтоне убеждены, что запрещённая ракета уже развёрнута [2] [18] .

2 августа 2017 года в Конгрессе США была обсуждена возможность выхода США из Договора [19] . Между тем, как отмечается, от судьбы Договора о РСМД зависит будущее Договора о мерах по дальнейшему сокращению и ограничению стратегических наступательных вооружений (СНВ-З) , подписанного в 2010 году: Конгресс США запретил выделять средства на реализацию СНВ-3, если не будет выполняться Договор о РСМД [2] .

19 октября 2017 года на Валдайском форуме Владимир Путин заявил, что в случае попытки выхода США из договора о РСМД «ответ России будет мгновенным и зеркальным» [20] [21] .

20 октября президент США Дональд Трамп объявил о намерении выйти из Договора о РСМД, по его словам — из-за «несоблюдения его условий российской стороной» (претензии предъявляются к крылатой ракете 9М729 (SSC-8), радиус действия которой, по американским данным, превышает 500 км, что запрещено ДРСМД [22] ) и «разработки этого оружия Китаем » (который этим договором не связан) [23] [24] .

31 октября в статье в журнале « Foreign Policy » Джон Вольфсталь (директор Группы по ядерному кризису, бывший специальный помощник президента Барака Обамы и старший директор по контролю над вооружениями и нераспространению в Совете национальной безопасности) подверг критике решение Трампа. В частности, Джон Вольфсталь утверждает следующее: «Аннулирование этого договора сделает США и их союзников (о которых Трамп, очевидно, совершенно не заботится) менее защищёнными и подорвёт глобальные основы нераспространения ядерного оружия» [25] .

26 ноября заместитель министра иностранных дел РФ Сергей Рябков заявил, что Москва считает «прямым и вопиющим нарушением ДРСМД» развёртывание США пусковых установок для управляемых ракет MK41 в составе комплексов Aegis Ashore в Европе, которые, вопреки Договору, «позволяют осуществлять боевое применение с земли крылатых ракет средней дальности „Томагавк“ и других ударных вооружений» [26] .

4 декабря госсекретарь США Майк Помпео заявил, что если Россия в течение 60 дней не прекратит нарушения Договора о РСМД, то США будут вынуждены выйти из данного соглашения [27] [28] [29] .

5 декабря Владимир Путин прокомментировал заявление Помпео, напомнив, что США сначала заявили о намерении выйти из Договора и лишь после этого начали приводить обоснования своего решения, перекладывая ответственность на Россию: «Никаких доказательств нарушений с нашей стороны не предоставляется», — отметил президент РФ [30] .

17 декабря в интервью газете « Красная звезда » командующий Ракетными войсками стратегического назначения генерал-полковник Сергей Каракаев заявил, что «влияние последствий выхода США из ДРСМД, последующего размещения американских ракет средней дальности в Европе и связанных с этим новых угроз нашей безопасности, несомненно, учитывается». Каракаев сообщил, что до конца года в войска планируется поставить около 100 новых образцов вооружения, среди которых ракетные комплексы «Ярс» стационарного и мобильного базирования. Это будет одним из ответов РФ на размещение системы ПРО США в странах Восточной Европы. По словам Каракаева, ряд военно-технических мер позволит в достаточной степени снизить эффективность перспективной системы противоракетной обороны США в Европе [31] .

21 декабря Генассамблея ООН не приняла предложенную Россией резолюцию в поддержку Договора о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности [32] .

Прошедшие 15 января 2019 года в Женеве российско-американские переговоры по проблематике договора завершились неудачей, прежде всего из-за разногласий между сторонами в части претензий к российской ракете 9М729 [33] .

23 января Минобороны и МИД РФ пригласили иностранных военных атташе и журналистов на брифинг, где впервые были раскрыты некоторые тактико-технические характеристики крылатой ракеты наземного базирования 9М729, продемонстрирована пусковая установка и транспортно-пусковой контейнер. Представители США и военные целого ряда других стран — членов НАТО, а также ЕС, включая Великобританию, Германию и Францию, приглашение проигнорировали [34] [35] . Демонстрация российской ракеты 9М729, однако, не разубедила США в том, что Россия нарушает Договор о РСМД. Официальный представитель посольства США в РФ Андреа Калан сообщила «Интерфаксу»: «США и большинство наших союзников по НАТО отказались от посещения этого брифинга, в котором все мы увидели лишь очередную попытку скрыть нарушение и создать видимость транспарентности» [36] .

1 февраля 2019 года президент США Дональд Трамп объявил о начале процедуры выхода из Договора. «Россия слишком долго безнаказанно нарушала договор РСМД, скрытно разрабатывая и развёртывая запрещённую ракетную систему, которая представляет собой прямую угрозу нашим союзникам и войскам за рубежом. Завтра США прекратят свои обязательства по договору РСМД и начнут процесс выхода из ДРСМД, который завершится через 6 месяцев, если Россия не вернётся к соблюдению, уничтожив все свои ракеты, установки и связанное с ними оборудование, нарушающие договор», — заявил Трамп [37] .

2 февраля президент РФ Владимир Путин объявил, что Россия в ответ на действия США также приостанавливает участие в Договоре [38] : «Американские партнёры … объявили о том, что они занимаются НИР, НИОКР и опытно-конструкторскими работами, и мы будем делать то же самое». При этом Путин потребовал больше не инициировать переговоры с США по разоружению: «Подождём, пока наши партнёры созреют для того, чтобы вести с нами равноправный, содержательный диалог по этой важнейшей тематике — и для нас, и для наших партнёров, да и для всего мира» [39] [40] [41] .

2 февраля Министерство обороны РФ заявило, что США начали подготовку к производству ракет, запрещённых Договором, за два года до того, как объявили о выходе из ДРСМД: «По имеющимся в Минобороны России неопровержимым данным, уже с июня 2017 года на предприятии военно-промышленной корпорации Raytheon в городе Тусон,​ штат Аризона, стартовала программа расширения и модернизации производственных мощностей в целях создания запрещённых договором ДРСМД ракет средней и меньшей дальности». За последние два года площадь этого крупнейшего в США предприятия по производству ракетного оружия увеличилась на 44 %, а численность персонала выросла на 2 тыс. человек [42] [43] .

5 февраля министр обороны РФ Сергей Шойгу на селекторном совещании в министерстве заявил, что в 2019—2020 годах, в ответ на решение США приостановить выполнение ДРСМД, предстоит разработать наземный вариант комплекса морского базирования «Калибр» с крылатой ракетой большой дальности. В эти же сроки предстоит создать наземный ракетный комплекс с гиперзвуковой ракетой большой дальности [44] .

On February 7, the Russian Ministry of Defense, after reviewing the content of a note by the US Department of State on the suspension of US participation in the INF Treaty and the beginning of the procedure for withdrawing from it, rejected “unfounded allegations of violation by Russia of its obligations under this agreement” and, in turn, accused the United States of the fact that they did not take the necessary actions to eliminate their violation of their obligations under the Agreement. In this regard, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation invited the American side to return to its implementation and to “take the necessary measures to return to strict observance of the Treaty by destroying” several types of missiles and military equipment before the termination of the Treaty:

  • Mk-41 universal launchers deployed on land, designed to launch Tomahawk cruise missiles;
  • target missiles, similar in their characteristics to medium- and shorter-range ground-based ballistic missiles;
  • shock unmanned aerial vehicles that, by their characteristics, fall within the definition of the term “ground-based cruise missile” provided for in the Treaty [45] .

The corresponding note was handed to the military attache at the US Embassy in Moscow.

On February 8, the US mission to NATO announced that the Aegis Ashore missile defense system “is fully consistent with US obligations under the INF Treaty” and is capable of launching “only defensive interceptor missiles,” which, in turn, are not covered by the Treaty. According to the American side, the American drone UAVs do not violate the Treaty either: “The INF Treaty does not impose any restrictions on the development, testing and use of reusable armed drones. According to the United States, the term "rocket", which is used in the Treaty, applies only to disposable products " [46] .

On February 20, Russian President Vladimir Putin, in his message to the Federal Assembly, said that if American medium-range missiles were deployed in Europe, Russia would be forced to deploy funds that would reach both the territories where these missiles will be located and the territories where the centers are located making decisions on their application (i.e., USA). At the same time, the flying time of Russian missiles will be adequate to the flying time of American, which Putin estimated at 10-12 minutes. The Russian president emphasized that Russia was not the first to deploy medium- and shorter-range missiles in Europe [47] .

On March 4, 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the suspension of the implementation of the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty) by Russia, while at the same time, in a commentary to this decree, Vladimir Putin noted that Russia does not plan to deploy missiles covered by the INF Treaty border areas. [48]

On July 31, 2019, the US President’s National Security Advisor, John Bolton, confirmed that the United States would withdraw from the INF Treaty on August 2, 2019. [49]

On August 2, 2019, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially announced the termination of the treaty [50] .

See also

  • US Nuclear Arsenal
  • Category: USSR nuclear missile weapons

Notes

  1. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 History of the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles // Kommersant, December 7, 2017
  2. ↑ 1 2 3 4 The United States aimed sanctions on a Russian missile. Negotiations in Geneva on the INF Treaty under threat of disruption // Kommersant, 12/11/2017
  3. ↑ Putin announced the suspension of Russia's participation in the missile treaty (neopr.) . Lenta.ru (February 2, 2019). Date of treatment February 2, 2019.
  4. ↑ Russia “may withdraw” from the missile treaty with the USA (neopr.) . BBC (February 15, 2007). Archived February 20, 2012.
  5. ↑ Vladimir Solovyov. Intelligence by word // USA asked Russia to hold missiles (neopr.) . Kommersant (February 17, 2007). Archived February 20, 2012.
  6. ↑ Denis Zhukov; Olga Sokolik. Russia gave an “asymmetric” answer (neopr.) . RBC daily (February 20, 2007). Archived February 20, 2012.
  7. ↑ Russian Foreign Ministry | 27/03/2007 | Overview of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation
  8. ↑ Obituary for an arms control regime. The price of the issue // Kommersant, 12/08/17
  9. ↑ "To maintain the contract requires a more responsible approach from the United States." Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Sergey Ryabkov on threats to the Treaty on intermediate and shorter-range missiles // Kommersant, December 8, 2017
  10. ↑ INF Treaty: On Russian Claims against the United States (Neopr.) . Journalistic Truth (December 7, 2018). Date of treatment December 10, 2018.
  11. ↑ The United States violated the INF Treaty on four counts (Russian) . Russian newspaper. Date of treatment December 6, 2018.
  12. ↑ Obama could not convince Putin to make new nuclear reductions (Rus.) . RIA Novosti (June 19, 2013). Date of treatment February 4, 2019.
  13. ↑ The INF Treaty cannot operate indefinitely, said Ivanov (Russian) . RIA Novosti (June 21, 2013). Date of treatment February 4, 2019.
  14. ↑ Russia announced its intention to terminate the agreement with the United States on SMD missiles (video on YouTube )
  15. ↑ What prevents the United States from the Russian 9M729 cruise missile // Glance , December 7, 2018
  16. ↑ The Foreign Ministry explained why Russia does not want to show the US the 9M729 missile // Glance, December 18, 2018
  17. ↑ Thirty years without rockets. Russia and the United States convene a commission on the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles // Kommersant, December 8, 2017
  18. ↑ Is it possible to return to compliance with the INF Treaty? The price of the issue // Kommersant, December 8, 2017
  19. ↑ Congress readies Round 2 with Trump on Russia
  20. ↑ Putin promised an instant and mirror response to the US exit from the INF
  21. ↑ Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club
  22. ↑ Shoigu understands what the American noise is connected with: the 9M729 missile will destroy the US plans in Poland // riafan.ru, December 7, 2018
  23. ↑ Trump announced the decision of the United States to withdraw from the INF Treaty with Russia (Rus.) , Izvestia (October 20, 2018). Date of appeal October 20, 2018.
  24. ↑ Trump says US will pull out of intermediate range nuke pact ( unopened ) . Associated Press (October 20, 2018). Date of appeal October 20, 2018.
  25. ↑ Jon Wolfsthal. Trump Is Pushing the United States Toward Nuclear Anarchy . Foreign policy Date of treatment November 28, 2018.
  26. ↑ The Foreign Ministry commented on the US ground deployment of MK41 launchers (neopr.) . RIA Novosti (11/26/2018 12:02). Date of treatment February 2, 2019.
  27. ↑ The United States began the countdown to the return of the Russian Federation to compliance with the INF Treaty on December 4 (neopr.) . TASS. Date of treatment December 5, 2018.
  28. ↑ Pompeo gave Russia 60 days to fulfill the missile treaty (Neopr.) . RBC. Date of treatment December 5, 2018.
  29. ↑ "The USA has already decided everything for itself." Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Sergey Ryabkov on the American ultimatum on intermediate and shorter-range missiles // Kommersant Newspaper No. 234 of 12/19/2018
  30. ↑ Putin answered the USA to an ultimatum on the INF Treaty (Russian) . www.mk.ru. Date of treatment December 6, 2018.
  31. ↑ Our nuclear shield remains reliable (neopr.) . redstar.ru. Date of treatment December 22, 2018.
  32. ↑ UN General Assembly rejected Russia's resolution in support of the INF Treaty
  33. ↑ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs considers unacceptable US interference in Russia's military developments (Rus.) . RT in Russian. Date of treatment January 15, 2019.
  34. ↑ Rocket Theater. The Russian Ministry of Defense revealed the characteristics of the “9M729 product,” which fell under US charges // Kommersant newspaper No. 12 of January 24, 2019
  35. ↑ To whom and why did Russia show its new rocket // Glance.ru, 01/23/2019
  36. ↑ The United States has not changed its position on the 9M729 missile after its demonstration // Kommersant, January 24, 2019
  37. ↑ The United States will suspend the implementation of the INF Treaty on February 2 (neopr.) . RIA Novosti (02/01/2019 16:39). Date of treatment February 1, 2019.
  38. ↑ Rockets in free flight. Following the United States, Russia withdraws from the INF Treaty // Kommersant newspaper No. 19 of 02/04/2019
  39. ↑ Russia suspends participation in the INF Treaty (neopr.) . RIA Novosti (02.02.2019 12:01). Date of treatment February 2, 2019.
  40. ↑ Russia will respond to the US withdrawal from the INF Treaty by developing new missiles. According to Kommersant’s information, ground-based versions of Caliber and Zircon will be created // Kommersant of 02.02.2019
  41. ↑ Meeting with Sergey Lavrov and Sergey Shoigu (neopr.) . Presidential Administration (02.02.2019 12:00). Date of treatment February 2, 2019.
  42. ↑ The Ministry of Defense announced the preparation of the United States for the production of prohibited rockets // RBC, 02.02.2019
  43. ↑ Russian Ministry of Defense published pictures of a rocket factory in the USA // RBC, 02.02.2019
  44. ↑ Shoigu called the timing of the development of missiles in response to the US exit from the INF Treaty // RBC, 02/05/2019
  45. ↑ Russian Defense Ministry calls on the United States to destroy missiles under the INF Treaty // Kommersant, 02/07/2019
  46. ↑ US mission to NATO responded to a note by the Russian Defense Ministry under the INF Treaty // Kommersant, 02/09/2019
  47. ↑ Putin warned the United States of a possible strike at “decision centers” // Vedomosti, 02.20.2019
  48. ↑ Putin signed a decree to suspend the implementation of the INF Treaty (neopr.) . RBC. Date of treatment March 5, 2019.
  49. ↑ Bolton confirmed the US withdrawal from the INF Treaty and doubted the extension of START-3 (Russian) . Russian newspaper. Date of treatment July 31, 2019.
  50. ↑ The INF Treaty has expired (Russian) . Russian newspaper. Date of treatment August 2, 2019.

Links

  • The agreement between the USSR and the USA on the elimination of their medium-range and shorter-range missiles // MIPT . Center for the Study of Disarmament, Energy and Ecology.
  • Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the elimination of their medium-range and shorter-range missiles // UN
  • “How agreements were concluded that were detrimental to the security of the USSR and Russia” // VPK No. 10 (176) March 14–20, 2007
  • The exhumation of the INF Treaty (Neopr.) . Victor Litovkin, RIA Novosti . rian.ru (03/01/2007). Date of treatment April 2, 2010. Archived on February 20, 2012.
  • The agreement on the elimination of medium and short-range missiles dated 12/08/1987 // Project of the Russian Military Historical Society “100 main documents of Russian history”.
  • Statement by the President of Russia in connection with the US unilateral withdrawal from the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles
Source - https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medium_Reduction_Rocket_Air_old_=101621978


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Clever Geek | 2019