Baptism of the dead

Basement Plan of the in Nauvoo . In the basement was a baptistery with a large font in the center

The baptism of the dead (also baptism for the dead ) is a religious rite, the purpose of which is the baptism of a deceased person. Most often mentioned in connection with Mormonism .

The baptism of the dead has been known in Mormonism since 1840. It is practiced to this day in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (TSHSPD) in designated temples , as well as some (but not all) . Practitioners of this ritual consider baptism mandatory for entry into the kingdom of heaven and conduct baptism for the dead to enable them to enter there as well. TSICHPD believes that those who receive the baptism can choose whether to accept it or not.

The phrase “baptized for the dead” is mentioned twice in the New Testament ( First Epistle to the Corinthians ), but the meaning of this expression remains the subject of scholarly debate. The early heresiologists Tertullian and John Chrysostom attributed this practice to Marcionites , according to their classification to heretical diagnostics ^[1] . This practice was banned in Catholicism and in the 21st century, not one of the largest Christian denominations practiced.

Content

1 Origins in Christianity
- 1.1 First Corinthians 15:29
  - 1.1.1 The meaning of the verb "βαπτίσθην"
  - 1.1.2 The meaning of the phrase
  - 1.1.3 Paul's point of view
  - 1.1.4 Other points of view
2 Mormons
- 2.1 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
  - 2.1.1 Doctrine TSHSPD
  - 2.1.2 Origin
  - 2.1.3 Genealogy
- 2.2 Community of Christ
- 2.3 Other Mormons
3 Other Christian Churches
- 3.1 Antiquity
- 3.2 the Middle Ages
- 3.3 New time
- 3.4 Recent times
4 Beyond Christianity
5 Criticism
- 5.1 Holocaust Victims
- 5.2 Mother of Barack Obama
6 See also
7 notes
8 Literature
9 References

Origins in Christianity

Tertullian attributes the baptism and Eucharist of the dead to Marcionites, and Epiphanius of Cyprus - to Kerinfu ^[2] . John Twednes, a Judaist and Christian scholar at Brigham Young University , wrote:

The baptism of the dead was, of course, practiced by some orthodox Christian associations, as evidenced by the decisions of two cathedrals at the end of the fourth century. The fourth dogma of the states: “Eucharist or baptism should not be performed over the dead.” The decision was confirmed four years later by the sixth dogma of the Carthage Cathedral .
Original text
That baptism for the dead was indeed practiced in some orthodox Christian circles is indicated by the decisions of two late fourth century councils. The fourth canon of the Synod of Hippo , held in 393, declares, "The Eucharist shall not be given to dead bodies, nor baptism conferred upon them." The ruling was confirmed four years later in the sixth canon of the Third Council of Carthage .
- Tvedtnes, John A Baptism for the Dead: The Coptic Rationale (Neopr.) . Provo, UT: Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research. Date of treatment March 4, 2007. Archived on October 7, 2006.

John Chrysostom describes a similar ritual among Marcionites in the same year: if the catechumemer died before baptism, then his body was asked whether he wants to be baptized; someone else answered positively, after which he was baptized instead of the deceased ^[3] . There, words about baptism for the dead are explained as a reminder of faith in the resurrection of baptized people after death.

First Corinthians 15:29

The First Epistle to the Corinthians says: “in Christ everyone will come to life, each in his own order: the firstborn, Christ, then Christ” ^[4] . Paul wrote in 1 Cor. 15:29 : “Otherwise, what do the baptized do for the dead? If the dead do not rise at all, then why are they baptized for the dead? ”This phrase is interpreted differently, and opinions regarding whether Paul allowed this practice are different.

The meaning of the verb "βαπτίσθην"

In Greek, Paul’s phrase “baptized for the dead” uses the verb Greek. βαπτίσθην , which has a broader meaning than “baptism,” in particular, the masculine verbal noun “baptismos” means “ritual bathing” ^[5] . This verb is found four times in the Septuagint precisely in the context of bathing: Judith washes away menstrual impurities, Naaman washed seven times to cure leprosy , and so on ^[6] . Only in the New Testament does a middle-class noun “Baptism” appear ^[7] . This breadth of meaning is reflected in Russian translations with the words “washing” in one context (see Mark 7: 4 - “and, having come from the auction, they shall not eat without washing” ^[8] and “baptism” in another. The ritual of washing is connected with a funeral, since anyone who touched a corpse had to undergo a bath ^[9] . During the Second Temple and the early rabbinical period, the instructions for bathing (expressed by the Greek masculine noun) became more complicated and multiplied. This is reflected in the halachic treatise Yadaim ^[10] and the Qumran manuscripts ^[11] . assumption in 2007 lived that phrase of Paul "what the ..." draws an analogy analogy between baptism and Jewish washing after touching a dead body ^[12] . The phrase "baptized for the dead" does not occur in , but probably a similar idea is found in the Second Book of Maccabees , since the New Testament concept of baptism is not mentioned there, there is room for interpretation: did you mean ritual bathing, baptism, or an analogy between the two ^[13] .

The meaning of the phrase

Some consider the phrase “baptized for the dead” a designation of martyrdom , as in Mk. 10:38 and Luke 12:50 - there baptism is a metaphor for the suffering of martyrs; accordingly, the phrase is translated as “ being baptized with a view to death ” ^[14] . In this interpretation, the phrase is closely related to the following words of Paul ^[15] about the suffering he suffered precisely because of his belief in the resurrection ^[16] ^[17] . Similarly interpreted this place and John Chrysostom.

Others consider this phrase to apply to ordinary baptism. Martin Luther considered that we were talking about baptism over (the first meaning of the preposition ὑπέρ, usually translated as “for”) ^{[18] by the} graves of the dead. Jean Calvin believed that the meaning of the phrase in baptism before death ^[14] .

The third interpretation refers precisely to the baptism of the dead, so that they get some benefit from it. This explanation helps to understand why Paul compares the Corinthians with the people of Israel, who crossed the Red Sea and fed on manna. Thus, he insists that after such a people is not saved from sin ^[14] .

Paul's point of view

The Tyndale Bible Dictionary concludes that Paul probably did not approve of the baptism of the dead, as he speaks of “they,” not “you,” practices ^[19] . In the Catholic characteristic is more cautious: “Baptism for the dead: this practice is not described here, and is not necessarily encouraged, but Paul speaks of it as yet another way of believing in the resurrection” ^[20] . In this publication, this publication is close to the opinion of Tertullian, who wrote in 207 or 208 that the purpose of Paul's mention of baptism for the dead, "whatever it was," was to insist on the resurrection of the body ^[21] .

Other points of view

believes that this reference refers to the sect of Valentine , later declared a Gnostic heresy ^[22] . However, Pagles' views on Paul are not supported by other scholars.

Mormons

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

In the practice of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (TSHSPD), a living person can indirectly receive baptism for the deceased ^[23] ^[24] . After a brief prayer that mentions the name of the deceased, the mediator is briefly dipped in water. The baptism of the dead is a separate sacrament in Mormonism.

Doctrine TSHSPD

The baptismal fountain in the , where since the construction in 1912 the baptism of the dead was carried out. The fountain stands on the backs of 12 bulls, symbolizing the tribes of Israel

The members of the Central Church of the Judiciary of the Holy Spirit believe that baptism is mandatory for entering the kingdom of heaven, as Jesus said in John 3: 5 : “Verily, verily, I say unto you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God” (Bible. Synodal translation of the 2001 edition of the Moscow Patriarchate). They baptize the dead through intermediaries so that the former can reach Paradise, even if they did not learn about Jesus Christ or his teachings throughout life.

Among other things, Mormons cite Peter’s assertion that Jesus preached to the spirits of the dead “He and the spirits in prison went down and preached” ( 1 Peter 3:19 ) and “For this, it was preached unto the dead, that they should be judged according to man’s flesh, they lived according to God’s spirit ”( 1 Peter 4: 6 ), considering them evidence that God provides the dead with the opportunity to hear sermons if they were not given such a chance in life. Peter confirmed in Acts 2: 37–38 ^[25] , the next step after receiving a sermon is baptism for deliverance from sins.

Mormons believe that anyone who has been baptized after death can accept or refuse it ^[26] ^[27] .

Any member of the Center for Contemporary Art of 12 years and more can be recommended by the temple as the baptized deputy of the deceased. Men must be ordained in order to enter the temple. Instead of a deceased man, a man should be baptized; instead of a woman, a woman. Some Mormons believe that Christ also accepted sins instead of people, just as a baptized person receives baptism instead of a dead person ^[28] .

Only a male ordained priest of the , who has been , can baptize the dead.

Origin

According to the teachings of the Central Church of the Holy Spirit, the baptism of the dead was revealed to the prophet Joseph Smith . He first spoke of her at a sermon at the funeral of a deceased church member, ^[29] . In a letter dated October 19, 1840 to the , who were on a mission in the UK, Smith refers to 1 Corinthians 15:29:

I believe you have heard about the doctrine of “baptism for the dead,” which probably caused you questions. In this letter I cannot give a comprehensive answer to them; however ... I would say that the ancient churches undoubtedly performed such baptisms; and St. Paul tried to justify the doctrine of such baptism, saying: “Otherwise, what do the baptized do for the dead? If the dead do not rise at all, then why are they baptized for the dead? ” ^[30]

Mormons develop this doctrine and state that the ritual should be performed in ^[31] Baptism through a mediator is similar to other ordinances performed through a mediator, such as and celestial marriage .

Initially, women were baptized to replace men and vice versa, but the practice was changed so that the rest of the sacraments could also be performed with the same deputy ^[32] .

Genealogy

CICSP encourages its members to conduct genealogical research with the aim of baptizing all deceased relatives and acquaintances. In particular, a similar procedure was carried out on Adolf Hitler , Christopher Columbus , the founding fathers of the United States , John Wesley , John Paul II , all the deceased presidents of the United States ^[33] .

Although Mormons themselves consider baptism of the dead to be a blessing, there are known aggressive reviews of it from people who are not members of the church. FamilySearch, a web-based application requiring registration, provides information about the sacraments to members of the church only ^[34] .

In 2008, a directive was issued by the Vatican Congregation for the Clergy ordering the Catholic dioceses to counteract the Mormons by digitizing the information contained in the Catholic archives in order to avoid the baptism of the dead ^[35] ^[36] , although a statement had previously been issued stating that such baptism does not have strength ^[37] .

Community of Christ

Some members of the early Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (today called the Community of Christ ) also believed in baptism after death ^[38] , but this practice was not authorized by the church and was considered very controversial ^[38] ^[39] .

Other Mormons

For who broke away from the Center for Contemporary Art in the 1980s, the baptism of the dead is either not defined or denied ^[40] .

and , among other Mormons, practice the baptism of the dead. The strangers baptized the dead in the 1840s in and later, in the 1850s, on ( Lake Michigan ). In both cases, approval was obtained by James Strang . It is not known whether modern strangites practice this type of baptism ^[41] .

The cutlers baptize the dead and the living in baptismal fonts located in the Cutler’s meeting houses (there are only two of them: one in Cliterell , the other in Independence . Although the cutlers support the concept of temples, their baptisms of the dead can be performed outside of churches. It is not known whether they practice the baptism of the dead still.

Other Christian Churches

Antiquity

Montanists practiced the baptism of the dead ^[42] .

Middle Ages

The story set forth in The Golden Legend tells of the “baptism in tears” of Pope Gregory I, who died five centuries earlier, Emperor Trajan . Passing through the forum of Trajan in Rome, he recalled the justice of the emperor who stood up for a simple widow who lost her son (the episode of the intercession of Trajan was narrated by Dion Cassius and popularized by Dante in The Divine Comedy). On the way to St. Peter's Basilica, the pope prayed in tears for Trayan’s soul, after which a voice from above answered him: “Gregory, I heard your prayer and saved Trayan from eternal punishment, but beware in the future to offer me prayers for the condemned to torment.” According to John Damascene , the voice said to Gregory only: "I fulfill your request and forgive Trajan." This legend was interpreted differently by medieval authors, some took “baptism" literally, even to the point that the heathen Trayan was returned to life so that he could become a Christian and thus receive forgiveness. Their opponents claimed that the emperor was only to some extent freed from hellish torment ^[43] .

Probably, the bones of their ancestors (in particular, Gorma Staraya Harald Sinezuby ) were exhumed and baptized ^[44] .

The baptism of the dead is known in Russia in the XI century. Yaroslav the Wise in 1044, contrary to the decision of the Carthage Council, ordered that the bones of Oleg and Yaropolk , uncle Yaroslav, not baptized in life, be taken from the graves and baptized, and then placed in the church of the Virgin Desyatinnaya ^[45] . Probably, for Yaroslav, the uncles were kind of announced , who did not manage to be baptized by chance ^[46] .

New time

and the New Apostolic Church carry out baptism, the Eucharist, and the sealing of the dead. According to the doctrine of both churches, in the process of baptism, the spirit of the dead does not enter the body of the baptized for them.

Newest Time

In modern times, the rite of baptism for the dead was revived in some Japanese marginal Christian movements. So, this practice is used by the largest Japanese independent church - the "Spirit of Jesus." The Spirit of Jesus Church, founded in 1941 by a former pastor of the Assemblies of God , is classified as the only Pentecostal or independent marginal Protestant movement (See also Protestantism in Japan ).

Beyond Christianity

The baptism of the dead is also carried out by Iranian and Iraqi Mandaeans ^[47] .

Criticism

Holocaust Victims

Members of the Center for Contemporary Art carried out several baptisms of victims and teachers of the Holocaust , including Anna Frank and Adolf Hitler, against the will of the church ^[48] . Several survivors and some Jewish organizations protested these actions.

Barack Obama's mother

In May 2009, it turned out that Barack Obama's mother, Ann Dunham , was baptized by the Mormons after her death in accordance with the views and rituals of Mormons. The White House declined to comment. ^[49] The ceremony was held on June 4, 2008 in the , a week later the sealing ceremony was held. Scott Trotter, a spokeswoman for the Center for Contemporary Art, confirmed that someone had performed the ritual, but said that it was contrary to Church policy ^[49] .

Notes

↑ Everett Ferguson Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy 2009 p. 299 “Tertullian twice in an antiheretical context comments on 1 Corinthians 15:29,“ baptism for the dead. “4 Later writers say the Marcionites practiced baptism on behalf of the dead.5 It was also said that they ... "
↑ Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature - John McClintock, James Strong - Google Boeken ( Neopr .) . Books.google.com Date of treatment August 23, 2012.
↑ John Chrysostom, Homily XL on 1 Corinthians (Neopr.) . Clerus.org. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ 1 Cor. 15: 22-23
↑ masculine noun baptismos 4x NT uses (unopened) . Blueletterbible.org. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Philippe Wolff Baptism: The Covenant and the Family 2009 p45 “This word occurs but four times in the Septuagint, and in no case with the Baptist meaning. 1st. “Judith baptized herself in a fountain of water, by the camp.” (Judith xii. 7.) She was then purifying herself from her uncleanness. ”
↑ Jonathan David Lawrence Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006), p294
↑ ἐὰν μὴ βαπτίσωνται οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν.`
↑ Geoffrey Wigoder The Encyclopedia of Judaism 1989 p768 "The dead body renders the house in which it is located and anyone coming in contact with the body ritually impure, tame met. ... (ritual washing of the body). Any person touching a corpse must wash his hands as soon as possible »
↑ , The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism 2000 "TRACTATE YADAYIM I. AN OUTLINE OF THE HALAKHAH OF YADAYIM The hands are deemed perpetually unclean, a realm of uncleanness - fingertips to wrist - distinct from the rest of the body.
↑ Lawrence. Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006) chapter Dead Sea Scrolls
↑ , The Baptized Body 2007 p136 "Paul uses a distancing third person—" they "baptize for the dead. Why not" we "? Paul might well be referring to Jewish practices. Under the ceremonial laws of Torah, every washing was a washing "for the dead" (cf. Num. 19). Uncleanness was a ceremonial form of death, and through washings of various sorts the unclean dead were restored to life in fellowship with .. "
↑ Alan C. Mitchell, Daniel J. Harrington Hebrews 2007 p119 "2. instruction about cleansings, laying on of hands, resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment: The word for" cleansings, "baptismos, is not exclusively used for Christian baptism , as is baptisma ”( BDAG , 165)
↑ ¹ ² ³ Tyndale Bible Dictionary, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8423-7089-9 , article Baptism for the dead
↑ 1 Cor. 15: 30—32
↑ What does the Bible mean when it refers to the "Baptism of the dead?" (unspecified) . Christiananswers.net. Date of appeal September 17, 2011.
↑ 'Baptism for the Dead' (neopr.) . Visual Bible Alive. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Liddell and Scott: ὑπέρ (unopened) (inaccessible link - history ) . Artfl.uchicago.edu. Date of appeal September 17, 2011.
↑ Tyndale Bible Dictionary (Tyndale House 2001 ISBN 978-0-8423-7089-9 ), P. 146
↑ "Baptized for the dead: this practice is not further explained here, nor is it necessarily mentioned with approval, but Paul cites it as something in their experience that attests in one more way to belief in the resurrection." New American Bible, note on 1 Corinthians 15:29 (neopr.) . Usccb.org (March 13, 2011). Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Tertullian, Against Marcion, book V, chapter 10 (neopr.) . Newadvent.org. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Elaine H. Pagels The gnostic Paul: gnostic exegesis of the Pauline letters 1992 p83 “Paul now argues his case for the resurrection from the practice of baptism for the dead. ... According to their own sacramental practice, the pneumatic elect receive baptism for „the dead“ that is, for the psychics. ”
↑ Baptism for the Dead . Religionfacts. Date of treatment November 16, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Sergey Antonenko. Mormons in Russia. A century long path. - Homeland, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-91189-005-6 .
↑ Hearing this, they were touched by the heart and said to Peter and the other Apostles: what shall we do, brethren? Peter said to them: Repent, and may each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of sins; and receive the gift of the Holy Spirit - Acts. 2: 37–38
↑ Gospel Study: Study by Topic (Neopr.) // LDS.org. - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .
↑ Condie, Spencer J. . The Saviors Visit to the Spirit World (Neopr.) // . - LDS Church, 2003. - July. - S. 32-36 .
↑ Hinckley, Gordon B. Be Thou an Example. - Deseret Book , 1981. - P. 133. - “In the sanctity of their appointments we commune with him and reflect on his Son, our Savior and Redeemer, the Lord Jesus Christ, who served as proxy for each of us in a vicarious sacrifice in our behalf. ".
↑ Cook, Lyndon. The Words of Joseph Smith. - Grandin Book Co., 1991. - P. 49. - ISBN 0-910523-39-8 .
↑ Church History 4: 231
Original text
I presume the doctrine of "baptism for the dead" has ere this reached your ears, and may have raised some inquiries in your minds respecting the same. I cannot in this letter give you all the information you may desire on the subject; but aside from knowledge independent of the Bible , I would say that it was certainly practiced by the ancient churches; and Saint Paul endeavors to prove the doctrine of the resurrection from the same, and says, "Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? Why are they then baptized for the dead?"
↑ Doctrine and Covenants s: en: The Doctrine and Covenants / Section 124 , s: en: The Doctrine and Covenants / Section 127 and s: en: The Doctrine and Covenants / Section 128
↑ Brigham Young (Aug. 31, 1873), 16: 160.
↑ Mormons Attempt to Hide Temple Baptism for Hitler (Neopr.) . Date of treatment February 11, 2011. Archived February 11, 2011.
↑ Finding Ordinance Dates on the International Genealogical Index (IGI) , < https://help.familysearch.org/kb/Local_Support/en/Consultants/memos/en/13%20Finding%20Ordinance%20Dates%20on%20the%20International% 20Genealogical% 20Index.pdf > . Retrieved February 27, 2012.
↑ Vatican Orders Catholic Parish Registers Off-Limits to LDS Church (Neopr.) Genealogy.about.com. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ CNS STORY: Vatican letter directs bishops to keep parish records from Mormons (unopened) . Catholicnews.com. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Response on the validity of baptism conferred by Ťmormonsť (neopr.) . Vatican.va (June 5, 2001). Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ ¹ ² Baptism For The Dead (Neopr.) . Centerplace.org. Date of treatment August 23, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Differences That Persist between the RLDS and LDS Churches (Neopr.) (PDF). Date of treatment August 23, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ アーカイブされたコピー (unspecified) . Date of treatment July 6, 2008. Archived May 18, 2007.
↑ Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints - Mormons - Baptism for the Dead (Neopr.) . Strangite.org (January 1, 2004). Date of treatment August 23, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Sokolov P. Russian bishop from Byzantium and the right of his appointment until the beginning of the XV century .. - Kiev, 1913. - S. 44-45.
↑ Le Goff J. Civilization of the medieval West . - M., 1992 .-- S. 159.
↑ Krogh KJ The Royal Viking Age Monuments at Jelling. - Acta Arcaeologica, 1982.- T. 53.- S. 183-216.
↑ Makarii (Bulgakov) . History of the Russian Church. - St. Petersburg, 1883. - T. 2 department 1.
↑ Assumption F. B. Scandinavians-Varangians-Russia. Historical and philological essays. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 166.
↑ A Brief Note on the Mandaeans: Their History, Religion and Mythology (Neopr.) . Mandaean Society in America. Archived January 23, 2013.
↑ Wiesel to Mormon Church: stop proxy baptisms of Jews . (2012).
↑ ¹ ² Fletcher Stack, Peggy . Obamas mother posthumously baptized into LDS Church , Salt Lake Tribune (May 5, 2009). Archived on October 4, 2012.

Literature

(ed); ; ; ISBN 0-87579-490-4 (revised 2nd edition, softcover, 1975)
Tvedtnes, John A .; Baptism for the Dead: The Coptic Rationale; Retrieved Aug 19, 2003, from http://www.fairlds.org/apol/misc/misc23.html
LDS Church Reaffirms No Proxy Baptisms of Jews, , 12 December 2002.

Links

Baptism for the Dead The BBC's Religion and Ethics report
Directions: Did Paul Baptize for the Dead? From christianity today
New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge ,
Catholic Encyclopedia: Baptism , see section titled: “Baptism of the dead”
Brown, Samuel (February 23, 2012), Mormon Baptism For the Dead: History and Explanation of an Unusual Ritual , Huffington Post , < http://www.huffingtonpost.com/samuel-brown/mormon-dead-baptism-explanation_b_1279739. html >
, Q&A about Mormon baptisms for the dead , , March 2, 2012 , < http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/faith/53632863-142/baptism- church-dead-holocaust.html.csp >

[1] Everett Ferguson Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy 2009 p. 299 “Tertullian twice in an antiheretical context comments on 1 Corinthians 15:29,“ baptism for the dead. “4 Later writers say the Marcionites practiced baptism on behalf of the dead.5 It was also said that they ... "

[2] Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature - John McClintock, James Strong - Google Boeken ( Neopr .) . Books.google.com Date of treatment August 23, 2012.

[3] John Chrysostom, Homily XL on 1 Corinthians (Neopr.) . Clerus.org. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[4] 1 Cor. 15: 22-23

[5] sculine noun baptismos 4x NT uses (unopened) . Blueletterbible.org. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[6] Philippe Wolff Baptism: The Covenant and the Family 2009 p45 “This word occurs but four times in the Septuagint, and in no case with the Baptist meaning. 1st. “Judith baptized herself in a fountain of water, by the camp.” (Judith xii. 7.) She was then purifying herself from her uncleanness. ”

[7] Jonathan David Lawrence Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006), p294

[8] ἐὰν μὴ βαπτίσωνται οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν.`

[9] Geoffrey Wigoder The Encyclopedia of Judaism 1989 p768 "The dead body renders the house in which it is located and anyone coming in contact with the body ritually impure, tame met. ... (ritual washing of the body). Any person touching a corpse must wash his hands as soon as possible »

[10] , The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism 2000 "TRACTATE YADAYIM I. AN OUTLINE OF THE HALAKHAH OF YADAYIM The hands are deemed perpetually unclean, a realm of uncleanness - fingertips to wrist - distinct from the rest of the body.

[11] Lawrence. Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006) chapter Dead Sea Scrolls

[12] , The Baptized Body 2007 p136 "Paul uses a distancing third person—" they "baptize for the dead. Why not" we "? Paul might well be referring to Jewish practices. Under the ceremonial laws of Torah, every washing was a washing "for the dead" (cf. Num. 19). Uncleanness was a ceremonial form of death, and through washings of various sorts the unclean dead were restored to life in fellowship with .. "

[13] Alan C. Mitchell, Daniel J. Harrington Hebrews 2007 p119 "2. instruction about cleansings, laying on of hands, resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment: The word for" cleansings, "baptismos, is not exclusively used for Christian baptism , as is baptisma ”( BDAG , 165)

[Tyndale-14] ¹ ² ³ Tyndale Bible Dictionary, 2001, ISBN 978-0-8423-7089-9 , article Baptism for the dead

[15] 1 Cor. 15: 30—32

[16] What does the Bible mean when it refers to the "Baptism of the dead?" (unspecified) . Christiananswers.net. Date of appeal September 17, 2011.

[17] 'Baptism for the Dead' (neopr.) . Visual Bible Alive. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[18] Liddell and Scott: ὑπέρ (unopened) (inaccessible link - history ) . Artfl.uchicago.edu. Date of appeal September 17, 2011.

[19] Tyndale Bible Dictionary (Tyndale House 2001 ISBN 978-0-8423-7089-9 ), P. 146

[20] "Baptized for the dead: this practice is not further explained here, nor is it necessarily mentioned with approval, but Paul cites it as something in their experience that attests in one more way to belief in the resurrection." New American Bible, note on 1 Corinthians 15:29 (neopr.) . Usccb.org (March 13, 2011). Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[21] Tertullian, Against Marcion, book V, chapter 10 (neopr.) . Newadvent.org. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[22] Elaine H. Pagels The gnostic Paul: gnostic exegesis of the Pauline letters 1992 p83 “Paul now argues his case for the resurrection from the practice of baptism for the dead. ... According to their own sacramental practice, the pneumatic elect receive baptism for „the dead“ that is, for the psychics. ”

[23] Baptism for the Dead . Religionfacts. Date of treatment November 16, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.

[24] Sergey Antonenko. Mormons in Russia. A century long path. - Homeland, 2007. - ISBN 978-5-91189-005-6 .

[25] Hearing this, they were touched by the heart and said to Peter and the other Apostles: what shall we do, brethren? Peter said to them: Repent, and may each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of sins; and receive the gift of the Holy Spirit - Acts. 2: 37–38

[26] Gospel Study: Study by Topic (Neopr.) // LDS.org. - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints .

[27] Condie, Spencer J. . The Saviors Visit to the Spirit World (Neopr.) // . - LDS Church, 2003. - July. - S. 32-36 .

[28] Hinckley, Gordon B. Be Thou an Example. - Deseret Book , 1981. - P. 133. - “In the sanctity of their appointments we commune with him and reflect on his Son, our Savior and Redeemer, the Lord Jesus Christ, who served as proxy for each of us in a vicarious sacrifice in our behalf. ".

[29] Cook, Lyndon. The Words of Joseph Smith. - Grandin Book Co., 1991. - P. 49. - ISBN 0-910523-39-8 .

[30] Church History 4: 231
Original text
I presume the doctrine of "baptism for the dead" has ere this reached your ears, and may have raised some inquiries in your minds respecting the same. I cannot in this letter give you all the information you may desire on the subject; but aside from knowledge independent of the Bible , I would say that it was certainly practiced by the ancient churches; and Saint Paul endeavors to prove the doctrine of the resurrection from the same, and says, "Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? Why are they then baptized for the dead?"

[31] Doctrine and Covenants s: en: The Doctrine and Covenants / Section 124 , s: en: The Doctrine and Covenants / Section 127 and s: en: The Doctrine and Covenants / Section 128

[32] Brigham Young (Aug. 31, 1873), 16: 160.

[33] Mormons Attempt to Hide Temple Baptism for Hitler (Neopr.) . Date of treatment February 11, 2011. Archived February 11, 2011.

[34] Finding Ordinance Dates on the International Genealogical Index (IGI) , < https://help.familysearch.org/kb/Local_Support/en/Consultants/memos/en/13%20Finding%20Ordinance%20Dates%20on%20the%20International% 20Genealogical% 20Index.pdf > . Retrieved February 27, 2012.

[35] Vatican Orders Catholic Parish Registers Off-Limits to LDS Church (Neopr.) Genealogy.about.com. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[36] CNS STORY: Vatican letter directs bishops to keep parish records from Mormons (unopened) . Catholicnews.com. Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[37] Response on the validity of baptism conferred by Ťmormonsť (neopr.) . Vatican.va (June 5, 2001). Date of treatment September 17, 2011. Archived January 23, 2013.

[centerplace1-38] ¹ ² Baptism For The Dead (Neopr.) . Centerplace.org. Date of treatment August 23, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.

[39] Differences That Persist between the RLDS and LDS Churches (Neopr.) (PDF). Date of treatment August 23, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.

[40] アーカイブされたコピー (unspecified) . Date of treatment July 6, 2008. Archived May 18, 2007.

[41] Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints - Mormons - Baptism for the Dead (Neopr.) . Strangite.org (January 1, 2004). Date of treatment August 23, 2012. Archived January 23, 2013.

[42] Sokolov P. Russian bishop from Byzantium and the right of his appointment until the beginning of the XV century .. - Kiev, 1913. - S. 44-45.

[43] Le Goff J. Civilization of the medieval West . - M., 1992 .-- S. 159.

[44] Krogh KJ The Royal Viking Age Monuments at Jelling. - Acta Arcaeologica, 1982.- T. 53.- S. 183-216.

[45] Makarii (Bulgakov) . History of the Russian Church. - St. Petersburg, 1883. - T. 2 department 1.

[46] Assumption F. B. Scandinavians-Varangians-Russia. Historical and philological essays. - Moscow, 2002 .-- S. 166.

[47] A Brief Note on the Mandaeans: Their History, Religion and Mythology (Neopr.) . Mandaean Society in America. Archived January 23, 2013.

[48] Wiesel to Mormon Church: stop proxy baptisms of Jews . (2012).

[stack-49] ¹ ² Fletcher Stack, Peggy . Obamas mother posthumously baptized into LDS Church , Salt Lake Tribune (May 5, 2009). Archived on October 4, 2012.