Gray matter ( Latin substantia grisea ) is the main component of the central nervous system of vertebrates [2] and humans, including the cell bodies of neurons , the neuropil (in part: dendrites , mymeliin axons , processes of glial cells [3] ), glial cells ( astrocytes and oligodendrocytes ), as well as capillaries . It is opposed to the white matter of the brain that does not contain neuron bodies and consists mainly of bundles of myelin fibers [4] . The color differentiation of the white and gray matter of the nervous tissue is due to the white color of myelin. The gray matter of living tissues has a gray-brown color, which is given by the blood capillaries and cell bodies of neurons [5] .
| Gray matter | |
|---|---|
| lat substantia grisea | |
 The gray matter of the cortex and basal nuclei of the right hemisphere of the human brain (sagittal section) | |
 In the spinal cord, gray matter is located around the central canal, surrounded by white matter (cross section) | |
| System | Central nervous |
| Catalogs | |
(stained with hematoxylin-phloxin-saffron, large increase)
Content
- 1 Location
- 2 Functions
- 3 Research
- 4 See also
- 5 notes
- 6 References
Location
Gray matter is concentrated in the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, as well as in the deep structures of the brain: thalamus ( lat.thalamus ), hypothalamus ( lat.hypothalamus ), subthalamus (Lewis nucleus, lat. Nucleus subthalamicus Luisi ), basal ganglia ( shell, lat. putamen ), a pale ball ( lat. globus pallidus ), the nucleus accumbens ( lat. nucleus accumbens septi ); septum core ( lat. nucleus septi pellucidi )), cerebellar nuclei ( ( lat. nucleus dentatus ), ( lat. nucleus globosus cerebelli ), ( lat. nucleus emboliformes ), the ) ( lat. nucleus fastigii cerebelli ), brain stem ( black substance ( lat. substantia nigra ), red nucleus ( lat. nucleus ruber ), kernels lat oliva ) and ( lat.nucleus nervi cranialis )), - and in the gray pillars of the spinal cord (in section - the anterior ( lat. cornu anterius medullae spinalis ), lateral ( lat. cornu laterale medullae spinalis ) and horn horns ( lat. cornu posterius medullae spinalis )) [6] .
Functions
Gray matter, consisting of the bodies of neurons, their myelin-free processes and glial cells [3] , is present in the areas of the brain that control muscle activity, which are responsible for sensory perception (eg, vision , hearing ), memory , emotions and speech .
Research
- The amount of gray matter and cognitive abilities of the elderly
A significant positive correlation was found between the amount of gray matter in the elderly and indicators of semantic and short-term memory. At the same time, these indicators did not depend on the volume of white matter. Obviously, individual differences in cognitive functions, which are relatively well preserved with age, are due to differences in the amount of gray matter in healthy elderly people [7] .
- Volume of gray matter and bipolar affective disorder
Some features of the distribution of gray matter may be associated with mental disorders. There are no differences in the total amount of gray matter in patients with and healthy people. But such patients have less gray matter in the left lower parietal lobe, upper temporal and middle frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere, as well as in the left caudate nucleus . The volume of gray matter in the middle frontal gyrus of the right hemisphere correlated with the duration of the disease and the number of episodes in patients [8] .
- Smoking and gray matter
Loss of gray matter and cognitive functions in heavy smokers occurs faster than in non-smokers. Chronic smokers who did not smoke during the study lost less brain cells and retained better mental functions than those who continued to smoke [9] .
- Child abuse and gray matter
In adolescents who were subjected to physical punishment in childhood or were deprived of parental care, the gray matter content in the prefrontal cortex is reduced [10] [11] .
See also
- White matter
- Neuropil
- Rexed Gray Layers
- Black substance
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Foundational Model of Anatomy
- ↑ Willy K., Child V. The nervous system // Biology (biological processes and laws) = Villee CA, Dethier VG Biological Principles and Processes, 1971. - M .: Mir, 1975. - P. 495-522. - 824 s.
- ↑ 1 2 Bykov V. L. Private histology of man. - SPb. : SOTIS, 2001 .-- 304 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85503-116-0 .
- ↑ Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White. Neuroscience. 4th ed .. - Sinauer Associates, 2008. - P. 15-16. - ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7 .
- ↑ Kolb & Whishaw: Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (2003) page 49
- ↑ Voronova N.V., Klimova N.M., Menzheritsky A.M. Anatomy of the central nervous system. - M .: Aspect Press, 2005 .-- 128 p. - ISBN 5-7567-0388-8 .
- ↑ Taki Y., Kinomura S., Sato K., Goto R., Wu K., Kawashima R., Fukuda H. Correlation between gray / white matter volume and cognition in healthy elderly people (English) // Brain and Cognition : journal. - Elsevier Inc., 2011 .-- Vol. 75 , no. 2 . - P. 170-176 . - PMID 21131121 .
- ↑ Li M., Cui L., Deng W., Ma X., Huang C., Jiang L., Wang Y., Collier DA, Gong Q., Li T. Voxel-based morphometric analysis on the volume of gray matter in bipolar I disorder (Eng.) // Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging : journal. - 2011 .-- Vol. 191 , no. 2 . - P. 92–97 . - PMID 21236649 .
- ↑ Almeida, Osvaldo Smoking causes brain cell loss and cognitive decline . NeuroImage (February 9, 2011). Date of treatment November 10, 2012. Archived January 7, 2013.
- ↑ Bill Hathaway. Past abuse leads to loss of gray matter in brains of adolescents . Yale University (news.yale.edu) (December 5, 2011). Date of treatment November 10, 2012. Archived January 7, 2013.
- ↑ Tomoda, A .; Suzuki, H .; Rabi, K .; Sheu, YS; Polcari, A .; Teicher, MH (2009). "Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment." Neuroimage 47 Suppl 2: T66-71. DOI : 10.1016 / j.neuroimage.2009.03.005 PMID 19285558
Links
- Gray + matter at eMedicine Dictionary