Solombalskaya shipyard is a shipbuilding company created at the personal order of Peter I on the island of Solombala near Arkhangelsk in the autumn of 1693 .
Solombala shipyard | |
---|---|
Type of | state-owned manufactory |
Base | in the fall of 1693 ; |
Abolished | 1862 year |
Location | Russia Arkhangelsk , Solombala Island |
Key figures | shipbuilders: Niklas Wilim; Ian Rance; E.I. Ides; A.M. Kurochkin ; V. A. Ershov F.T. Zagulyaev ; I. Brant; G. Ignatiev ; M. D. Portnov; Sutherland; P. G. Kachalov ; Vybe Guerens |
Industry | shipbuilding |
Number of employees | from 600 to 5-6 thousand |
Site |
Almost immediately it became an important center of marine shipbuilding in Russia . The shipyard was built 32, 52 and 74-gun ships with crews of up to 450 people. These ships entered the Baltic Fleet and the Northern Flotilla [1] [2] . One of the oldest shipbuilding enterprises in Russia, the Solombala shipyard had a significant impact on the economy of the northern region, contributing to the development of sawmill production, marine shipping, and crafts. She acted as a state-owned manufactory, mainly with the use of hired and forced labor. In 1713, 600 peasants and townspeople worked on it [3] . In the period of greatest prosperity, up to 5-6 thousand people worked on it [1] .
Content
History
Foundation
The first time Peter I arrived in Arkhangelsk in July 1693 in order to begin construction of ships for the Russian fleet on the White Sea , as well as to familiarize himself with the practice of marine commerce of trading people. Peter I established the Arkhangelsk Admiralty and ordered the Dvinsk governor and the governor of Arkhangelsk, the stolnik F.M. Apraksin, to resume the construction of the State Solombala shipyard.
On September 18, Peter I laid his own hands, and on May 20, 1694, he personally participated in the launching of the marine merchant ship (small 24-gun frigate) " St. Paul the Apostle " [4] . The construction of the ship was led by Dutch masters Niklas Wilim and Jan Rans} [3] [5] .
The Northern War Period
With the beginning of the Northern War, the White Sea became for Russia the only safe trade route to Western Europe . In this regard, the production activity of the Solombala shipyard also increased.
In 1700-1702, 6 large three-masted merchant ships of flute type were built in Solombal (“Saint Apostle Andrei”, “Saint Peter”, “Saint Paul”, “Richard Engen”, “Ex-Boy”, “Mercury”) [5] with 3 shotgun bass cannons each [3] . In May 1702, the frigates “ Courier ”, “ Holy Spirit ” and “ Saint Ilya ” [4] prepared the descent.
The ships were originally built to protect Arkhangelsk from the Swedish fleet, but soon Peter ordered them to be dragged to Lake Onega , and from there transported to the Neva . During the third visit of Peter the expansion of the Arkhangelsk port and the Solombala shipyard began. The sovereign was so pleased with the activities of the head of the Holstein shipyard, E. I. Ides , that in 1704 he handed him the flutes “St. Pavel ”, and in 1706 he sold him this three-masted military transport at half price - 1800 rubles [3] .
In 1708, the construction of warships to replenish the Baltic Fleet began at the Solombala shipyard. In 1710, two frigates “St. Peter "and " St. Paul ” [4] . Engaged in the construction of the Dutch master Vybe Guerens [6] .
In 1711, the shipyard began to be run by the coastal shipbuilder F. A. Bazhenin [4] [7] , who by that time already had his own, private shipyard.
In 1713, the construction of the battleship Archangel Gabriel was completed at the shipyard, and on June 20, 1713, two more of the same 52-gun battleships, the Archangel Varahail and the Archangel Selafail , were laid down [3] .
By 1718, 12 ships were launched at the Solombala shipyard, some of them were transferred to the Baltic from 1710 [3] .
Until 1725, 126 vessels of 12 types were built at the Solombala shipyard [4] . By 1729, Arkhangelsk became one of the main shipbuilding centers in Russia [4] .
The period between the Northern War and the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
After the end of the Northern War, the question of closing the shipyard was repeatedly raised. This was due to the active development of the St. Petersburg port. Foreign trade through Arkhangelsk declined and was limited to goods of local origin. This led to the complete cessation of work at the Solombala shipyard. However, in 1732, the Naval Maritime Commission examined the northern forests and, convinced of the large reserves of suitable timber, recommended the renewal of official shipbuilding in Arkhangelsk. In the summer and autumn of the same year, the shipyard began to work under the guidance of the shipwright Englishman R. Cosenza. In 1734, naval teams specially sent from the Baltic Sea restored the Solombala shipyard, built new smolny, barns, rigging workshops, forges, a dry dock, and a cable plant.
In 1734, three 54-gun battleships were laid down: the City of Arkhangelsk according to the drawings of I. Zuev and L. Yames (launched on June 22, 1735), the Northern Star according to the design of I. Petrov (launched on July 15, 1735 ), "St. Andrei ” (launched on September 10, 1735) [3] .
In 1734, a maritime hospital was opened on the territory of the shipyard, which for many years prepared doctors for ships, served shipbuilders and military sailors.
In 1735, two frigates were laid: “Hector” (laid down on October 7, 1735, launched on May 30, 1736) and “Cavalier” (laid on November 6, 1736, launched on July 5, 1737) [3] .
On March 29, 1736, Captain Lieutenant J. Brant, according to his drawings, laid down the battleship Neptunus , which was launched on June 29, 1736. On September 1, he also laid down the frigate " Warrior " ( according to the design of the ship apprentice V. Batakov ), which was launched on May 24, 1737 [3] . In 1738 the battleship Kronstadt was launched.
Since 1738, the shipyard temporarily switched to the construction of auxiliary and small vessels. Due to the inconvenience of daily delivery to the shipyard of workers from neighboring villages (Zaostrovye, Kego, etc.), barracks were built for them in Solombal. Many workers had their own houses here. Together with sailor barracks and officers' houses, these buildings formed the Admiralty Sloboda by 1740.
May 3, 1739 V. Batakov (who had become a ship foreman by this time) [3] laid down the 54-gun battleship “St. Panteleimon ” (launched May 11, 1740). July 10, 1739 the master P. G. Kachalov laid the battleship “St. Isakiy ” (launched on May 18, 1740), and in October 1739 the master ship Leferm was launched by master Yames. In May 1740, the Apollon and Mercury frigates left the slipways, and a year later the battleships “ Happiness ” and “ Ruler of Russia ” (later renamed “Wellbeing”) left the slipways [3] .
By the fall of 1741, ship masters Yames, A. Sutherland, Kachalov laid down three 66-gun battleships — Friedemaker , Lesnoye , Poltava [3] . September 2, 1741 F. Osokin laid the 80-gun battleship "St. Paul". According to the project of O. Nye, 3 bombing ships were built. A mast-lighter (repair vessel) was built for the Baltic at Lapominka near Arkhangelsk.
The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna
With the accession of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the construction of the navy intensified. The load on the Solombala shipyard increased.
In 1744, the shipyard received an order for 5 kicks for the Baltic [3] .
In 1748, the Admiralty College specifically noted the strength and low cost of the Arkhangelsk ships compared to the Baltic.
In September 1758, 80 — cannon battleships “St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called ”and“ St. Clement of the Pope ” [3] .
In 1760, the Admiralty and the Solombala shipyard were thoroughly repaired and expanded, 2 new lines of working barracks were erected.
Late 18th — 19th Century
Since 1783, the Solombala shipyard was run by the Englishman Gunin. Together with the Russian master M. D. Portnov, he built 16 battleships in 7 years [3] . In total, in the last quarter of the 18th century, 41 battleships and 27 frigates were built for the Baltic [3] . The shipyard produced both military-type ships and merchant marine ships commissioned by foreign merchants and Russian merchants.
In 1764, two 66-gun battleships for Kronstadt were built at the shipyard. In the same year, 3 double-skinned frigates left the slipways for the polar expedition of Captain V. Ya. Chichagov [3] . In 1776, 5 battleships were under construction [3] .
In total, in the years 1734-1800, 104 battleships, 32 frigates, and 62 small vessels were built at the Solombala Shipyard [4] . A series of 58 ships of the Glory of Russia type (66 cannon), built by the Solombali, was the largest series of large ships of the Russian Imperial Navy . On its basis, another 28 ships of the Asia type (66 cannon) were built at the Solombala shipyard [4] .
Since 1800, the construction of battleships in Solombal was reduced. In 1800-1850, only 48 battleships were built [4] . Due to the lack of larch, ships were built of pine, and details were made of oak.
In 1801, the ship master G. Ignatyev at the Solombala shipyard completed the construction of the frigate "Haste" [8] . The design of the ship, the proportions of the hull were so successful that, according to its drawings, another 33 frigates of the same size were built at the shipyards of Arkhangelsk and St. Petersburg from 1801 to 1844. It was the largest series of Russian sailing frigates of the 44-gun rank (34 units). 16 of the 34 frigates of this type were built precisely by Solombal shipbuilders [8] .
In 1820, the Main Office above the port began construction of three monumental stone buildings in Solombal. One of them was intended for the Admiralty, the other two - to the naval half-crew, from which teams were formed for the ships under construction at the Solombala shipyard. Construction was completed in 1825.
In 1820, new barracks for workers for 3,500 people were built at the shipyard; in 1831, workshops, a foundry, a steam forge, and a harbor near the Kurya River. Forest in the shipyard since 1823 stopped rafting along the rivers in order to protect from moisture. Parts of the hull were made according to patterns even in the woods, which accelerated the drying of parts and made transportation cheaper.
In 1825, one of the first 12 steamships of Russia was built at the Solombala shipyard - the wheeled steamer " Easy " for the needs of the Arkhangelsk port [3] .
In the years 1830-1840, the Solombala shipyard was one of the 3 largest in Russia (another 2 in St. Petersburg) [3] .
In the years 1831-1851, the last 14 sailing battleships were built in Solombal, including 74 — the Vilagosh cannon (1851). And on May 19, 1852, the last sailing frigate “Diana” (52 guns) was launched into the water.
With the advent of the steam engine, the construction of ships in Arkhangelsk almost ceased (9 clippers and frigates were built in 1851-1860) [4] .
In 1853, the first Polkan steam screw frigate (44 guns) was launched in Russia, and in 1859 the Solombala steam frigate (powerful machines - 240 hp) [3] .
In the mid-19th century, a crisis broke out in both private and state-owned sailing shipbuilding. It was caused by the need to switch from wooden sailing to iron steam ships. The state did not have the means and the need for the conversion of shipyards in the then secondary northern maritime theater. In addition, there were no metallurgical plants in Arkhangelsk, there were no machine-building enterprises, and there was not even a reliable transport connection with the industrial centers of Russia. Secondly, intensive cutting of ship groves along the Northern Dvina contributed to its rapid shallowing, which made it difficult to remove the ships built at the Solombala shipyard.
In 1859, due to the reduction in the construction of wooden military vessels, ship groves were transferred to the fund of specific and state forests.
In 1862, the Arkhangelsk Military Port and the Solombal Shipyard were abolished by the highest command. Already in 1887, workshops of the Office for the Improvement of the Arkhangelsk Commercial Port were built on the site of the Solombala Shipyard. Later, in their place, the State Shipyard was established.
In total, during the existence of the Solombala shipyard, 481 units of warships and civilian ships were built on its slipways, including 152 battleships and 81 frigates [3] as well as yachts, shnyavs, flutes, fire bders, bots, hooks, kicks, lighters and keel - lighters, brigantines, boats, gunboats, sloops, floating batteries, tenders [1] .
Famous Masters — Shipbuilders
- Master A. M. Kurochkin (1770-1842, his grave was preserved at the Solombalsky cemetery) - for 25 years he built 87 ships and was awarded the rank of Major General [3] .
- Master V. A. Ershov (circa 1780-1860), Lieutenant General of the Marine Engineers Corps , built more than 60 ships.
- Master F. T. Zagulyaev (1792-1858) - created 61 vessels in 54 years of operation [3] .
- Master G. Ignatiev - built 33 battleships and frigates [3] .
- Master M. D. Portnov - laid 35 ships [3] .
- Master V. A. Selyaninov - naval foreman of brigadier rank, Major General.
See also
- Admiralty Order
- Hurry Sailing Frigates
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 Solombala Shipyard . Date of treatment November 6, 2012. Archived December 30, 2012.
- ↑ Arkhangelsk shipyard is turning 316 years old . Dvininaform (08/18/2009). Date of treatment November 6, 2012. Archived December 30, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Arctic Encyclopedia, shipyards . Date of treatment November 6, 2012. Archived December 30, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 The name “Saint Nicholas” appeared in ships and ships built in the Russian North . Date of treatment November 6, 2012. Archived December 30, 2012.
- ↑ Ships are wooden, people are golden . Date of treatment November 6, 2012. Archived December 30, 2012.
- ↑ Maritime History of Russia in Dates . Date of treatment November 6, 2012. Archived December 30, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Military Russia. Sailing fleet. Type “Hurry” . Archived November 20, 2012.
Literature
- Ogorodnikov S.F. History of the Arkhangelsk port. - SPb. : Type of. Pestilence. M-va in Ch. Admiralty, 1875 .-- 388 p. - ISBN 9785990353305 .
- V. Chubinsky. Historical review of the control device of the marine department in Russia .. - SPb. : Printing house of the Ministry of the Sea, 1869. - 328 p. - ISBN 9785998980633 .
- Memorable legends about the life and deeds of Peter the Great: 1672-1725: 200th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great. 1672-1872. - SPb. : Edition of the Auxiliary Compository of Compositors, 1872. - 223 p. - ISBN 9785998968341 .