Eberhard (Evrard) Nemetsky ( Latin Everardus Alemannus, Everardus Teutonicus , English Eberhard (Everard) the German [Comm 1] ) - German church leader, scientist, grammarist, rhetorician, Master of Science and poet of the 13th century; was the manager of the cathedral school in the city of Bremen [1] [2] . His main work, according to some scholars, is the "Rules of figures and eight parts of speech, or Grammar, set forth in Latin verses"; for two centuries, this textbook served as the only elementary tool for schools [2] . His other important work is the Latin poem “Labyrinth” ( Latin Laborinthus , arose from the phrase Latin labor habens intus , where “labor” is “suffering” [3] , or from Latin labor in the meaning of “labor” [4] ) consisting of 1005 lines. This textbook was devoted to the teaching of grammar and important issues of Latin poetics and rhetoric: meter , rhyme and, most importantly, various forms of medieval hexameter ; Eight amplification techniques were considered [5] . The beginning and end of the poem - a kind of "lyrical frame" - are devoted to describing the fate of a medieval school teacher [6] . Labor is among the five textbooks of Latin poetics that have come down to us from the high Middle Ages (late XII - first half of XIII centuries) [7] . About half of it - 494 lines - is devoted to pedagogical issues: out of its 1,005 lines, 238 (11–38, 835–991) disclose the plaintiffs of school teachers, another 169 lines (84–253) relate to the listing of seven arts, 87 to the authors required to study. The remainder is essentially a summary of the basics of versification and style, including as examples three sets of verses [8] .
| Eberhard German | |
|---|---|
| lat Everardus Alemannus, Everardus Teutonicus | |
| Date of Birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Scientific field | poetics |
| Known as | author of the poem "Labyrinth" |
Edmond Faral, one of the modern editors of The Labyrinth, in his book Les arts poetiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siecle ( Paris , 1924), which is the main edition of Latin grammars of the Middle Ages [9] , based on lines 945–950 of it works concludes that Eberhard the German first studied in Paris , and then in Orleans [3] . He dated the lower boundary of writing labor to a period not earlier than 1208–1213, and the upper one not later than 1280 [3] . Russian literary critic and philologist M. L. Gasparov gives a different dating - around 1250, while leaving it in question [4] .
Literature
- Purcell, William M. “Eberhard the German and the Labyrinth of Learning: Grammar, Poesy, Rhetoric, and Pedagogy in Laborintus.” Rhetorica 11 : 2 (Spring: 1993), pp. 95-118.
- Purcell, William M. " Transsumptio : A Rhetorical Doctrine of the Thirteenth Century." Rhetorica , 5 : 4 (1987: Autumn), pp. 369-410.
- Rubio, Francisco Pejenaute. Las tribulaciones de un maestro de escuela medieval vistas desde el Laborintus de Eberardo el Alemán . Universidad de Oviedo.
- Sánchez, Josep Lluís Martos. “Eberardo el Alemán y la crisis poética.” Revista de poética medieval , 11 : 2003, pp. 41-52.
- Jean-Yves Tilliette, Le Laborintus d'Évrard l'Allemand, ou le roman familial d'un grammairien mélancolique: Modelli, fortuna, commenti , in: Le poetriae del medioevo latino, 2017.
- Thomas Haye, Der "Laborintus" Eberhards des Deutschen. Zur Überlieferung und Rezeption eines spätmittelalterlichen Klassikers , in: Revue d'histoire des textes, 8, January 2013, pp. 339-369.
- We have reached his work, which was published in 1987 by the publishing house "Science", - Labyrinth: [Fragments] / Transl. from Lat .: M. L. Gasparov // Gasparov M. L. Medieval Latin poetics in the system of medieval grammar and rhetoric // Problems of literary theory in Byzantium and the Latin Middle Ages. - M .: Nauka, 1986. - S. 138-145, 157-167.
Comments
- ↑ Earlier, Eberhard the German was often confused with the earlier author, Everard of Bethune , and to correct the situation, the German form Eberhard ( German Eberhard ) was used to designate the author of Laborinthus. See: James J. Murphy. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. P. 180.
Notes
- ↑ Faral E. Les arts poetiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siecle: recherches et documents sur la technique litteraire du moyen age. - Paris: H. Champion, 1924. - P. 38. - 384 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Medieval World in Terms, Names and Titles: Vocabulary Ref. / Scientific. ed. V. A. Fedosik , E. D. Smirnova; Comp. E. D. Smirnova. - Mn. : Belarus, 1999 .-- S. 374. - 383 p. - 7000 copies. - ISBN 985-01-0151-2 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 Faral E. Les arts poetiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siecle: recherches et documents sur la technique litteraire du moyen age. - Paris: H. Champion, 1924. - P. 39. - 384 p.
- ↑ 1 2 Gasparov M. L. Medieval Latin poetics in the system of medieval poetics and rhetoric // Problems of literary theory in Byzantium and the Latin Middle Ages / Otv. ed. M.L. Gasparov. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- S. 110 .-- 255 p. - 2300 copies.
- ↑ Gasparov M. L. Medieval Latin poetics in the system of medieval poetics and rhetoric // Problems of literary theory in Byzantium and the Latin Middle Ages / Otv. ed. M.L. Gasparov. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- S. 127 .-- 255 p. - 2300 copies.
- ↑ Gasparov M. L. Medieval Latin poetics in the system of medieval poetics and rhetoric // Problems of literary theory in Byzantium and the Latin Middle Ages / Otv. ed. M.L. Gasparov. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- S. 160 .-- 255 p. - 2300 copies.
- ↑ Gasparov M. L. Medieval Latin poetics in the system of medieval poetics and rhetoric // Problems of literary theory in Byzantium and the Latin Middle Ages / Otv. ed. M.L. Gasparov. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- S. 109-110. - 255 p. - 2300 copies.
- ↑ James J. Murphy. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance. - Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 .-- P. 180.
- ↑ Gasparov M. L. Medieval Latin poetics in the system of medieval poetics and rhetoric // Problems of literary theory in Byzantium and the Latin Middle Ages / Otv. ed. M.L. Gasparov. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- S. 167. - 255 p. - 2300 copies.