Goths ( Gothic. 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 , Gutþiuda ; Lat. Gothi, Got (h) ones , - Gutons ; other Greek Γόθοι , Gonthi ) [1] - the ancient German union of tribes. Since the 2nd century AD e. until the eighth century e. played a significant role in the history of Europe . This was an association of Germanic tribes, probably of Scandinavian descent, who spoke East Germanic Gothic (for which Bishop Ulfil developed the Gothic script in the 4th century A.D. ). In the first centuries of our era, they began their journey from the Scandinavian Peninsula and gradually settled to the Northern Black Sea Coast and the Danube River , reaching the outposts of the Roman Empire . In the 4th century Christianity spread among the Goths.
Content
Early History
Goths formed in Scandinavia , in the area that Jordan calls Scandza (probably Skane Peninsula ).
At the same time, John de Galonifontibus in the book “Cognition of the world” noted the following: “Goths claim to be descended from Scots and speak like English” [2] . Probably, the author of these lines compared the name of the Goths with the ancient name of the Scots - Scott.
In the II century AD e. under King Berig they crossed the Baltic Sea and occupied the lower Vistula , where there are archaeological sites of the Velbar culture (Jordan refers to this area of Gotiskandza ). The vandals and rugs ousted by the Goths from the territory of modern Poland began to move south, forcing the local population to shift towards the Mediterranean. Hence the first onslaught of barbarians on the northeastern borders of the Roman Empire , which she felt under Marcus Aurelius (2nd century A.D.).
The fifth king, after Berig, is ready Filimer [3] brought them to the lands of the Getae and Scythians (Dnieper). According to Jordan , the Goths from the Vistula coast reached the northern coast of the Black Sea, settling between the Dnieper and the Sea of Azov. This is the only thing that is known about the arrival of the Goths in the Northern Black Sea region from written sources. By the area of the monuments of Chernyakhov culture, the area of settlement of Gothic tribes stretched from the Seversky Donets in the east to the Carpathians and the lower Danube in the west by the 4th century .
In the territory of present-day Ukraine, the Gothic state of Oyum arose [4] Written sources on the history of Oyum - “ Getik ” by Jordan and Scandinavian sagas (first of all, “ Saga of Herver ”), which tell of the fight against the Huns . The capital of a single Gothic state in Scandinavian folklore was considered a city on the Dnieper - literally Danparstad . In the saga of Herver metropolitan called "river house" - Archeimar .
Around the year 230 e. the Goths descended into the Black Sea . When the Romans first encountered the Goths, they were already divided into two branches - the eastern ( Ostrogoths ) and the western ( Visigoths ). Gothic tribes also included the Skyrs , Taifals and Crimean Goths , from which the Goths-Trapezites of Tamani later separated.
Gothic Wars
- In the III century, the Goths drove the Romans out of Dacia (present-day Romania ); at the same time, the Goths were divided into Western ( Visigoths ) and Eastern ( Ostrogoths ).
- In 257, the ready detachments reached the eastern Crimea and, having partially plundered the Bosporus kingdom ( Panticapaeum and Nymphaeum ) and captured the fleet, went to the shores of Asia Minor. By this they destroyed the Scythian kingdom centered in Crimea.
- In the spring of 258, the Dniester flotilla of Goths reached the Bosporus and plundered Chalkedon and Nicaea .
- In 262, Thrace was attacked.
- In 267 , leaving the mouth of the Don, the Gothic fleet reached Corinth and Athens .
- In 269, a clash is ready with the army of the Roman emperor near the city of Niš ( Serbia ). Aurelian is forced to leave Dacia to the barbarians.
- In 271, Emperor Aurelian defeated the Goths in their lands.
- In the 4th century, the Goths adopted the Arian model of Christianity and acquired their own written language , the Gothic alphabet invented by Bishop Wulfila , who translated the Gothic biblical texts ( Silver Code ).
- 364 - 378 - during the time of Emperor Valent II, the Huns attacked the Goths.
- 367 - 369 - campaigns on the Goths of the emperor of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, Valens beyond the Danube in 367 and 369 ( Gothic war 367-369 ).
- In 375, the Huns destroy the kingdom of the Goths in the Black Sea region .
- In 376 the Goths cross the Danube and move to the Balkans .
- In 378, the Goths defeat the army of the Roman emperor Valent II at Adrianople .
Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Crimean Goths
- In 410 , the Visigoth king Alaric destroys Rome .
- In 412, the Visigoths invade Gaul .
- In 414 the Visigoths invade Spain .
- In 418, the Visigoths retreat to Aquitaine (South-West France ) and establish their kingdom there.
- In 451, at the Catalunian fields, the union of the Goths and other tribes stopped the advance of the Huns to the west.
- In 463 the Visigoths renew the conquest of Spain .
- In 493, the King of the Ostrogoths Theodoric founds a kingdom in Italy .
- In 507 francs oust the Visigoths from Aquitaine.
- During the Gothic War ( 536 - 555 ), the armies of the Byzantine emperor Justinian destroy the state of the Ostrogoths in Italy.
- In 711, the Arab army of Tarik ibn Ziyad destroys the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain.
- The latest information about the Gothic community in Crimea dates back to the beginning of the 17th century (see Crimean Gothic language ).
Writing
The Goths were the first of the Germanic tribes to adopt Christianity ( Arian sense ). Gothic Bible - the first literary monument in Germanic language ; at the same time, this is the first translated Germanic written monument. To date, only certain fragments of this translation are known. Nevertheless, from the point of view of philology (both literary criticism and comparative historical linguistics) it is unique and valuable. This translation was carried out in the IV century BC. e. Arian Bishop Ulfilah .
Memory of the Goths
During the Renaissance, the Goths were considered by humanists as carriers of the barbarian principle, who were responsible for the destruction of ancient civilization. Before the term Middle Ages appeared, everything German-barbaric in European culture was designated by the epithet "Gothic". This is where the terms Gothic and Gothic come from, although the corresponding phenomena to the Goths are not directly related.
The Slavs adopted many words from the Gothic language - “bread” (Goth. 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 , hlaifs), “cauldron” (Goth. 𐌺𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌻𐍃 , katils), “dish” (Goth. 𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 , biuþs “table”), “buy” (Goth. 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐍉𐌽 or * 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽, kaupon or * kaupjan), “camel” (Got. 𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 , ulbandus), shine (Got. 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 , skeinan “shine, shine”), case (Got. 𐌷𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌻𐍃 , hakuls “cloak”), crib ( Got. 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍅, hlaiw “grave”), letter (Got. 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 , boka “letter, book”), “artist” (from Got. 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐌲𐍃 , handugs “smart, wise”), etc. (for more details see Russian Etymological Dictionary Max language Fasmera ). The Swedish kings (“ kings of Swedes (Swedes), Goths and Wends ”) claimed succession in relation to the Goths, the Spanish nobility considered themselves descendants of the Visigoths.
See also
- Gothia
- East Germanic languages
- Gepids
- Skira
Notes
- ↑ Vera Budanova Ethnonymy of Germanic tribes in the era of the great migration of peoples
- ↑ Information about the peoples of the Caucasus (1404). - Baku: Elm. - 1979.
- ↑ Chronicon sancti Huberti Andaginensis. MGH, SS. - Bd. Viii. - hannover. - 1848.
- ↑ Great Russian Encyclopedia. - T.7. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2007 .-- S. 554-555. - 767 p. - ISBN 978-5-85270-337-8 .
Literature
- Gothi // The Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities / ed. F. Lubker ; Edited by members of the Society of Classical Philology and Pedagogy F. Gelbke , L. Georgievsky , F. Zelinsky , V. Kansky , M. Kutorgi and P. Nikitin . - SPb. , 1885.
- Aybabin A. I. Ethnic History of the Early Byzantine Crimea / A. I. Aybabin. - Simferopol: Dar, 1999 .-- 475 p.
- Akunov V.V. Gotha. - M .: Veche, 2018 .-- 544 p. - (World History). - ISBN 978-5-4444-2047-8 .
- Brown, F.A. Gotha // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Brown F. A. Investigations in the field of Gotho-Slavic relations . - SPb. : Type of. Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1899. - T. I. Goths and their neighbors until the 5th century. The first period: the Goths on the Vistula.
- Budanova V.P. Gotha in the era of the great migration of peoples. - M .: Nauka, 1990 .-- 232 p. - ISBN 5-02-009015-8 .
- Tungsten Herwig . Goths. From the origins to the middle of the VI century (the experience of historical ethnography). - SPb .: Juventa, 2003 .-- 654 p. - ISBN 5-87399-142-1 .
- Ganina N.A. Crimean Gothic language. - St. Petersburg: "Aletheya", 2011. - 288 p.
- Zamoryakhin A. Gotha of the Northern Black Sea Region of the 3rd — 4th centuries in pre-revolutionary Russian historiography (inaccessible link) // Issedon: an almanac on ancient history and culture. - Yekaterinburg: Publishing House Ural. state Univ., 2003. - T. 2. - S. 171-183. (Retrieved September 22, 2011)
- John de Galonifontibus . The book of knowledge of the world . - Information about the peoples of the Caucasus: [1404]. - Baku: Elm, 1979.
- Kuznetsov A.E. History is ready. - M .: IP “T. A. Alekseev ", 2017. - 230 p. - ISBN 978-5-905221-03-3 .
- Markov N.F. Gothy // Orthodox Theological Encyclopedia . - T. 4. - SPb .: Appendix to the spiritual journal "Wanderer", 1903. - Art. 568.
- Nefedkin A.K. Gotha. The first complete encyclopedia. - M .: Eksmo; Yauza, 2017 .-- 288 p. - (The best warriors in history). - ISBN 978-5-699-98294-3 .
- From Cimmerians to Krymchaks: Sat. Ed. I.N. Khrapunova, A.G. Herzen. - Simferopol: Share, 2006 .-- 288 p.
- Pioro I.S. Crimean Gothia. Essays on the ethnic history of the Crimean population in the late Roman period and the early Middle Ages. - Kiev: Lybid, 1990 .-- 200 p.
- Scardilla P. Gotha: language and culture. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University, 2012. - 388 p.
- Fadeeva T.M., Shaposhnikov A.K. Principality of Theodoro and his princes. - Simferopol: Business Inform, 2005. - 280 p.
- Shore T.W. Chapter IV. Utahs, Goths, and Normans // Origin of the Anglo-Saxon Race: A Study of the Settlement of England and the Tribal Origin of the Old English People . - London, 1906. - S. 49-65.
- Schukin M. B. The Gothic Way. Goths, Rome and Chernyakhov culture. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University, 2005. - 576 p.