Alexander Petrovich Nechayev ( October 24 [ November 5 ] 1870 , St. Petersburg - September 6, 1948 , Semipalatinsk ) is a Russian and Soviet psychologist , one of the founders of experimental pedagogy. Doctor of Education (1944).
Alexander Petrovich Nechaev | |
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Date of Birth | October 24 ( November 5 ) 1870 |
Place of Birth | St. Petersburg |
Date of death | September 6, 1948 (77 years) |
Place of death | Semipalatinsk |
A country | |
Scientific field | Psychology , Pedagogy |
Place of work | |
Alma mater | |
Academic degree | Doctor of Education |
Academic title | Professor |
Known as | one of the founders of experimental pedagogy. |
Content
Biography
Born into the family of an inspector of the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary , where he received a secondary education [1] . From 1890 he studied at the Philosophical Department of the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University . Upon graduation from the university in 1894, he was left at the university to prepare for a professorship.
In 1897, A.P. Nechaev received a master ’s degree in philosophy and was enrolled as a private lecturer at St. Petersburg University. He began his teaching activities by giving lectures on the history of German psychology of the first half of the XIX century. In the same year he was elected secretary of the philosophical society at St. Petersburg University . In 1898 he was sent for internship in Germany: he worked in the laboratory of V. Wundt in Leipzig, in the laboratory of G. E. Muller in Göttingen, in the laboratory of E. Crepelin in Heidelberg, got acquainted with the work of the laboratory of E. Meimann in Zurich, with the laboratory A. Binet in Paris. This trip determined the direction of his research activities: an experimental study of child development.
Leaving St. Petersburg University, Nechaev launched a variety of scientific activities in the Pedagogical Museum of military schools in the salt town . He read psychology at the pedagogical courses of the military educational department. In the autumn of 1899, in a number of St. Petersburg educational institutions, he organized the study of the peculiarities of the development of memory at school age. The results of this study were reported to them at the IV International Psychological Congress in Paris in August 1900, and then published in the same year in the "Journal of the Psychology and Physiology of the Senses."
On October 24, 1901, the Laboratory of Experimental Pedagogical Psychology at the Pedagogical Museum established by him was opened. With his participation in 1904, pedagogical courses were established at the laboratory to study man as an object of education. Nechaev himself was in charge of the courses, and the practical lessons were given by A.F. Lazursky , I.R.Tarkhanov , A.A. Krogius , A.L. Shcheglov and other prominent scientists.
In 1910, in St. Petersburg, on the initiative of Nechaev, the Society of Experimental Pedagogy was created.
He taught the history of philosophy in the Alexander Lyceum .
Nechaev was the initiator of the Russian congresses on educational psychology (1906 and 1909) and experimental pedagogy (1910, 1919, 1916).
In 1917, Nechaev became the director of the Samara Pedagogical Institute and, after transforming it into a university in 1918, was twice elected its rector (1918 and 1921). In 1921, he was elected a professor at the Moscow State Psychoneurological Institute , and in 1922, its director (he remained in this position until 1925). In 1922, Nechaev was invited to see a patient, V. I. Lenin, for a psychological examination using his own methods.
In 1926, A. P. Nechaev was granted a personal pension. But he continued to work: he taught psychology at the medical-pedagogical institute and the Institute for a disabled child.
On April 2, 1935, by the resolution of the special meeting of the NKVD on Article 58 (10) , A.P. Nechaev was sentenced to exile in Kazakhstan for counter-revolutionary agitation. He served the exile Nechaev in Semipalatinsk . Here he studied the problems of physiotherapy, neuropathology, psychiatry; In the period 1935-1944, he was the scientific director of the Institute of Physical Therapy, a consultant to a psychiatric hospital and children's dispensary.
Scientific Research
A. P. Nechaev's research was associated with the problem of memory and individual differences; He tried to build pedagogy on the data of psychology, mainly on the quantitative results of experimental psychological laboratory research. Nechaev paid great attention to the impact of the teacher on the students. His studies of the problem of direct and indirect suggestibility showed the greatest effectiveness of indirect suggestion in the pedagogical process. At the same time, he considered active attention to be a prerequisite for successful learning.
A. P. Nechaev invented devices for the purposes of experimentation: a mechanical chronoscope and an apparatus for studying memory, which were awarded numerous prizes at psychological exhibitions both in Russia (1903, 1906, 1911) and abroad (1908, 1909, 1912).
Studying mnemonic processes, experimentally confirmed the presence of mixed types of memory. He argued that durable memorization, the free handling of material, implies the inclusion of all analyzers in the active work in perception. Considered some mnemonic techniques and methods: drawing up a plan of memorized, repetition, strengthening of the stimulus. One of the first in Russian psychology began to study the conditions of the rational organization of schoolchildren’s labor, the proper distribution of work and rest, psychologically substantiated the compilation of a timetable for schoolwork.
After 1923, he switched to other areas of research. The main place in them began to take psycho-physiological aspects. He participates in observing the psychological characteristics of students at military schools, the mental development of Red Army men and the organization of library science in the army, participates in the development of the psychological side of the rescue service in the mines, conducts experimental psychological studies of pilots, etc.
Defending the principles of empiricism , A.P. Nechaev rejected the philosophical approach to psychology, which was perceived as a contradiction to the tasks of restructuring psychology on the basis of Marxism and subjected to criticism.
Bibliography
His first publications appeared in 1899: The publishing house of the publishing company "Enlightenment" was published, in collaboration with A. Geistbek and D. A. Koropchevsky , the book "Album of paintings on the geography of non-European countries"; and in the magazine "Russian School" (1899. - № 3) an article was published "On the Question of the Mutual Relationship of Pedagogy and Psychology".
- Publications
- Modern experimental psychology and its relation to school education. - 1901 ( 3rd ed. - PG. - 1917 );
- Observations on the development of interests and memory at school age, 1901;
- Works on experimental pedagogical psychology. - SPb., 1902;
- Über Memorieren: e. Skizze aus d. Gebiete d. experimentellen pädag. Psychologie. - Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1902;
- Essay on Psychology for Educators and Teachers, 1903; ( 4th ed. - SPb., 1911 );
- Über Auffassung: Eine Skizze aus dem Gebiete d. experimentellen pädagogischen Psychologie. - Berlin: Reuther & Reichard, 1904;
- Affiliation Association: A Psychological Study by Alexander Nechaev . - SPb.: Type. I. N. Skorokhodova, 1905;
- Textbook of psychology for secondary schools and self-education. - SPb .: Type. P. P. Soikin. - 1907 ( Psychology textbook. - 5th ed. - Pg. - 1915 );
- The mental life of children: Essays on educational psychology. - M .: Publishing "Polza", 1910 (co-author - A. F. Lazursky );
- How to teach psychology? - 2nd ed. - SPb., 1913.
- The course of pedagogical psychology for national teachers. - Pg.-M .: Warehouse ed. V.V. Dumnov, [1915];
- An extraordinary miracle of nature. - Toronto, 1919; (in Ukrainian)
- The simplest measurement of the degree of mental development of children. - Syzran, 1921.
- Psychological method of teaching reading . - M., 1923.
- Guide to the experimental psychological research of children of preschool and school age. - M., 1925.
- Psychology of physical culture . - 2nd ed. - M., 1930.
- Psychology of the school team . - M., 1928.
- Willpower and means of education . - 2nd ed. - M., 1929.
- The memory of man and her upbringing . - 2nd ed. - M.-L., 1929.
- Psychology of technical invention. - M .; L., 1929.
- The nature of man . - M .; L., 1929.
Nechayev published the Books of Pedagogical Psychology (1906–1910) and the Yearbook of Experimental Psychology (1909–1914).
Notes
Literature
- Anshakova V.V. The contribution of A.P. Nechaev to the formation and development of age and pedagogical psychology . - Astrakhan, 2002.
- Nechaev, Alexander Petrovich // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 tons (82 tons and 4 extras). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Nikolskaya A. A. A. P. Nechaev: the life and creative path
- Romanov A. A. A. P. Nechaev: at the origins of experimental pedagogy . - M .: Publishing house of public administration, 1996.
- Khramkov L.V. On the first rector of Samara University
Links
- Curriculum Vitae
- Biography and major works of A. P. Nechaev on the NPB website . K. D. Ushinsky