Ippolit Irinarchovich Zavalishin ( September 8, 1808 , Astrakhan - after 1883 , Samara ?) - writer and ethnographer , brother of navigator Nikolai Irinarkhovich Zavalishin and Decembrist Dmitry Irinarkhovich Zavalishin . Sometimes he used the literary pseudonym Ippolit Prikamsky .
| Ippolit Irinarkhovich Zavalishin | |
|---|---|
| Date of Birth | |
| Place of Birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
| A country | |
| Occupation | prose writer , publicist , ethnographer |
| Father | Irinarkh Ivanovich Zavalishin |
| Mother | Maria Nikitichna Chernyaeva |
| Spouse | Avdotya Suturina |
| Children | son Nikolay |
Content
Until December 1825
Came from the nobility of the Tver province. Born in Astrakhan in the family of Major General Engineer Irinarkh Ivanovich Zavalishin [1] , Mother, Maria Nikitichna (nee Chernyaeva, a pupil of the Smolny Institute), died in 1809. Father wanted Hippolytus, like his elder brother Dmitry, to enter the Naval Cadet Corps , but after the death of Irinarkh Ivanovich ( 1821 ), the stepmother (Nadezhda Lvovna, nee Tolstaya) identified I.I.Zavalishin in 1823 as a cunker at the artillery school, so that in the future he could continue to serve in the guard. He studied poorly, lived beyond his means, became confused in debt and was on the verge of expulsion from school, which was avoided thanks to the intervention of his older brother who returned from America [2] . The events of December 1825 and the ensuing investigation prompted I. I. Zavalishin a way to curry favor.
"Participation" in the Decembrist movement
On June 22, 1826, during a walk of Nicholas I on the Elagin Island, the junker Zavalishin handed him a denunciation (dated June 10, 1826) accusing his brother Dmitry of high treason and receiving huge sums of money from foreign powers to conduct subversive activities in Russia.
On June 26, 1826, he added to the denunciation, now with information about the Simbirsk secret society, having stipulated innocent people [3] [~ 1] , including his half-cousin F. Tyutchev [1] [4] [5] [ ~ 2] .
On July 29, 1826, in the presence of a member of the commission of inquiry in the case of the Decembrists, Adjutant General V.V. Levashov hosted a confrontation of the Zavalishin brothers. In his memoirs, D. I. Zavalishin writes [2]
| ... At the confrontation, it turned out that the false scammer who led me to the gallows was my younger brother Hippolytus, whom I benefited from ... |
On the same day, Hippolytus, in a letter to the Sovereign, demanded voluntary exile with his brother.
One of the first among his contemporaries expressed his attitude to the denunciation of Hippolytus to the brother of his father's friend Pyotr Nikiforovich Ivashev , the father of the Decembrist V.P. Ivashev , who was the half-cousin of the brothers Zavalishins [~ 3] . In the summer of 1826, Ivashev Sr. worked in Petersburg about the fate of his son and already on August 3, in a letter to his wife, called the scammer “a miscarriage from nature ... who discovered the feelings and types of a monster, spilling his poison in a new case on his unfortunate brother and on everyone he knows , and asks himself for this reward ” [6] .
August 22, 1826 (on the day of the coronation of Nicholas I ) Hippolytus was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress .
On September 22, 1826, for a false denunciation, he was demoted to privates and exiled to serve in Orenburg .
December 12, 1826 arrived in Orenburg [~ 4] .
In Orenburg
At the beginning of the 19th century, in Orenburg there was a “department founded in part according to the rules of Freemasonry” [7] of the Moscow Novikov Society, headed by P.E. Velichko, head of the Orenburg Customs District, and after his death, the linear battalion’s auditor, gifted writer and historian P. M. Kudryashev [8] . Appearing in the garrison, demoted to soldiers, Ippolit Zavalishin actively pretended to be a victim of the December events and, taking advantage of the trust of freedom-loving youth, convinced some of them to begin to pursue a political goal - changing monarchical rule in Russia.
The warrant officer Kolesnikov turned to Kudryashov for advice and, in order to find out Zavalishin’s intentions, received permission to continue relations with him [9] . Zavalishin completed the preparation for the achievement of his true goals by the fact that he received from the receipts accepted in an imaginary society on an oath composed by him. [ten]
On April 14, 19 and 23, 1827, in three reports written to the commander of the Orenburg corps by the military governor P.K. Essen , Ippolit Zavalishin discovered the plans and members of the secret society and attached to them copies of the charter, instructions and seven originals of the oath receipts [11] . Arrests followed. On the night of April 25-26, 1827, 33 military and civilian officials were arrested. Zavalishin tried to get many people involved and even managed to send a denunciation to Petersburg about the abuse of Essen himself from under the guard [12] . Arrested along with others, Kudryashov suddenly died.
The report on the outcome of the trial contains a decision of the military court [13]
| ... Zavalishina, as the main culprit in the crime, depriving the nobility of dignity and military rank to be sent to Siberia for hard labor forever. Kolesnikov, Druzhinin and Taptikov, having deprived the ranks and noble dignity and expelled from military rank, should be sent to Siberia for hard labor: Kolesnikov for 12 years, Taptikov for 8 years, and Druzhinin for 6 years, and after the appointed time expire in Siberia ... |
Several more people were sentenced to be demoted to privates and sent to the Caucasus.
On September 12, 1827, the convict was pronounced a verdict, shaved, dressed in Armenians, shackled, shackled in pairs to an iron bar - a “rope”, and sent to Siberia on September 13, 1827 [~ 5] .
Hard labor and settlement in Siberia
In September 1828, the stage arrived in Chita . In the fall of 1830, Ippolit Zavalishin, Kolesnikov and Taptikov were transferred to the Petrovsky Zavod , where about 70 of the most active members of the Decembrist secret societies condemned to the first five categories were imprisoned [14] . Portraits of Taptikov and Kolesnikov were included in the collection of portraits of prisoners created by the Decembrist artist Nikolai Bestuzhev [15] . For more than eight years, I. Zavalishin was in the Petrovsky Plant. Mikhail Bestuzhev called him “an uninvited member of our society” because of an unjustified stay among revolutionaries [16] . In his memoirs, the Decembrist A.F. Frolov [17] noted that Ippolit Zavalishin did not show anything
| ... "not the slightest remorse, nor shame, nor even regret for the young people whom he ruined. I spent six years in the same fence with him, and when I met him, I passed without paying attention to him; that’s what everyone did ”... |
Only Mikhail Lunin expressed sympathy for the “lost” [18] [19] .
On July 23, 1842, the captain Taskin, manager of the Petrovsky plant, sent a report to the governor V.Ya. Rupert , in which he reported that he was forced to shackle I. Zavalishin in shackles for his impudent behavior. In response, the Governor-General ordered "to use Zavalishin in hard work bound for one month."
September 10, 1843 Zavalishin married in the Petrovsky plant on the daughter of a retired minister Luke Suturin Avdotye. She was 16 years younger than Hippolytus. The born son was named Nicholas.
In March 1844, a command came to transfer I. I. Zavalishin to a settlement in Verkhneudinsk [20] .
Since 1850 he was in the mound . [~ 6] . True to himself, he continued to write denunciations to his comrades, including A.F. Briggen and D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky . In order to understand the denunciations of the exiled I. Zavalishin, the manager of the Tobolsk order for the exiles MP Ugryumovsky was seconded from Tobolsk to Kurgan as a special assignment officer, but Zavalishin wrote a denunciation to him as well [21] . Zavalishin wrote to the Governor-General of Western Siberia G.Kh. Gassford denounced the predatory bribes of his friend, the Kurgan mayor R.M. Tarasevich . After an investigation in 1853, the mayor was dismissed with a reprimand from the Council of General Administration.
On November 12, 1854, by order of the Governor General, Zavalishin was imprisoned in the Kurgan prison on charges of slander, incitement of various persons to submit unfair complaints, rampant drinking, drunkenness and suspicion of embezzlement of 50 rubles in silver from a Kurgan merchant. Governor General G.Kh. Gasford in the report of L.V. Dubeltu dated October 5, 1855, indicated that, while in Kurgan, Zavalishin composed 183 clauses under his own and by other people's names. He created for himself the glory of a fighter for justice, and peasants reached out to him complaining about power. Zavalishin carried away with his unintended advice and promises to the peasants, who, by their simplicity, trusted him, aroused immigrants from European provinces to complaints about the inconvenience of the places allotted to them and about the oppression of local authorities. The Decembrist amnesty of 1856 was not applied to him.
In 1857, Zavalishin was sent to Pelym . On July 3, 1857, the Tobolsk state chamber ordered the Kurgan treasury to immediately extradite A. N. N. from the extraordinary provincial amount . Buchkovsky 24 rubles. 24 kopecks silver for runs to Pelym, "following the settler of state criminals Ippolit Zavalishin." Hippolytus, accompanied by a convoy, left. Avdotya Lukinichna sold the estate on July 2, 1858 for 242 rubles. 85 cop., Paying 23 rubles. duties to the Treasury, and went to her husband.
From Pelym transferred to Yalutorovsk . From 1860 he lived in Turinsk , in 1863 - in Tyumen ; in the last period of life - in Samara [22] .
Literary activity
In March 1851, he sent to the head of the 3rd branch, Count Orlov, the poetic opus “Manuscript of the State Epic”, in which he glorified the Romanov dynasty. Resolution of the 3rd division: “Although the work of Zavalishin is full of good spirit, it is written in heavy poetry and without any literary merit, and therefore leave the manuscript unattended.”
In 1863, in Tobolsk Provincial Gazette , he published Traveling Essays.
In 1862-1865, "Description of Western Siberia" [23] was published. As a geographer and ethnographer, Zavalishin analyzes the natural and economic resources of Siberia and East Kazakhstan. The observant author who traveled extensively in Siberia does not disregard natural phenomena, architectural features, monuments and historical information, life and activities of local residents, which makes his “Description” relevant to this day [~ 7] [24] . Not without bitterness Zavalishin wrote that with the development of Siberia, intensive intervention in nature began and local residents complained that the aliens “burned the taiga, and in that taiga there was a beast, and now that beast has become smaller” [25] [26] .
He also wrote fiction, including the story “Zatunkinskaya Beauty” about the wives of the Decembrists, the stories “Paramonych”, “Apollon Prikamsky”, “Olkhonyanka”, etc. [27]
Assessments of I. I. Zavalishin's personality
The ambiguity of the personality of Ippolit Irinarkhovich Zavalishin led to a variety of assessments of him in various sources, which characterize him as:
- Decembrist and the famous Decembrist [28] [29] ;
- military and statesman [30] ;
- ethnographer, poet [31] [32] ;
- an adventurer who believed in his chosenness [33] [34] ;
- provocateur [35] [36] [37] [38] ;
- mentally ill [39] .
List of works
- Description of Western Siberia . - 1st ed. - M .: In type. Gracheva and comp., 1862. - 414 p.
Notes
- Comments
- ↑ The hope of denouncing the rank of the adjutant wing did not materialize, but, years later, turned into a reminiscence in the unpublished essay of I. Zavalishin about the events of December 1825 and a certain cavalry guard who believed that for the capture of Nikolai Bestuzhev “the adjutant wing would have been made”: Bestuzhevs - L .: Science, series “Lit. Monuments ”, 1951, p. 104.
- ↑ Father D.I. and I.I. The Zavalishins - Irinarkh Ivanovich - was married to Nadezhda Lvovna Tolstoy, the sister of Yekaterina Lvovna Tolstoy, married Tyutcheva, mother of the poet F.I. Tyutcheva.
- ↑ Vera Aleksandrovna Ivasheva (nee Tolstaya), mother V.P. Ivasheva, was a cousin of Nadezhda Lvovna Zavalishina.
- ↑ For sympathy for the demoted, the colonel of the internal guard corps, Stampel, who allowed the exiled “under supervision” to the Orenburg garrison Ippolit Zavalishin for several days to live in Moscow and sent him not by stage, but accompanied by a dedicated non-commissioned officer on a philistine cart, was arrested for two weeks. - Shtutman S.M. On guard of silence and tranquility: from the history of the internal troops of Russia (1811 - 1917) - M .: Gazoil Press, 2000 - 260 p.
- ↑ At the stage, upon arriving in Yekaterinburg, Zavalishin tried to knock out the "comrades" in misfortune to escape, allegedly with the aim of rebelling the local residents, seducing them with money and gold.
- ↑ Upon arrival, Avdotya Lukinichna bought a manor from the peasant Efim Burtsev on Dvoryanskaya Street 12x30 fathoms in size with a one-story wooden house. On August 30, 1850, the Tobolsk district surveyor Zavyalov cut the required plot of land in 15 acres of cottages, previously assigned to A.E. Rosen and others to the Decembrists near Lake Bosnia
- ↑ The diversified bishop Leonid (Krasnopevkov) , assistant to Metropolitan Filaret , wrote in 1863: “ Zavalishin ’s book“ On Western Siberia ”is excellent. I see Siberia through the glass ”- Archbishop Leonid (Krasnopevkov). Notes of the Moscow vicar - M.: Publishing. Sretensky Monastery, 2012, 608 p., - p. 464.
- Sources
- ↑ 1 2 Zavalishin Irinarkh Ivanovich (1769-1821) .
- ↑ 1 2 Notes of Decembrist D.I. Zavalishina - Mǜnchen: J. Marchlewski @ C °, 1904, parts 1-3
- ↑ Lotman Yu. Decembrist in everyday life . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Where was Tyutchev on December 14, 1825 . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Tyutchev in the investigation of D.I. Zavalishina . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Bulanova O.K. The novel of the Decembrist. Decembrist Ivashev and his family - M .: Publishing House of the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers, 1938, 408 pp., Ss. 56-57
- ↑ Schegolev P.E. The first-born of Russian freedom - Moscow: Sovremennik, 1987, ss. 451-452
- ↑ Orenburg Secret Society . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ "The North Star" on 1862. The seventh book (in two issues) - Moscow: Nauka, 1968, p. 93
- ↑ The text of the oath composed by II Zavalishin was published: - From the history of the socio-political movement in Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century. - Soviet archives, 1970, No. 1, p. 88
- ↑ Schegolev P.E. Introductory article - // in the book: Kolesnikov V.P. Notes of the unfortunate containing a trip to Siberia on a tightrope - S.-Pb.: Lights, 1914, 160 p.
- ↑ N. Ya. Adelman. Secret correspondents of the Polar Star. M., "Thought", 1966 . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ The most comprehensive report of the audit department - // in the book: Kolesnikov V.P. Notes of the unfortunate containing a trip to Siberia on a tightrope - S.-Pb.: Lights, 1914, 160 p.
- ↑ Decembrists-writers. Book Two - Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, Literary Heritage, vol. 60, 1956, pp. 171-172
- ↑ In August 1831, D.P. Taptikov, and a year later, in P. Kolesnikov was allowed to enter the settlement. Passing through Irkutsk D.P. Taptikov, like two years before that, another Orenburger, Kh.M. Druzhinin, they carried in their luggage letters from Decembrist friends and fell into denunciation of another adventurer, R. M., to Benckendorf. Medox: Streich S.Ya. Roman Medox. Adventures of the Russian adventurer of the XIX century - M .: Federation, 1930, 224 p., - p. 112
- ↑ Memoirs of the Bestuzhevs - M .: Publishing House. All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers, 1931, 472 pp., - p. 344
- ↑ Decembrists-writers. Book Two - Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, Literary Heritage, vol. 60, 1956, pp. 269-270
- ↑ N. Adelman . Lunin - M.: Young Guard, 1970, p. 227
- ↑ In the archival case On the State Criminal Mikhail Lunin, among the “noteworthy” documents numbered by L.V. Dubelt , letter No. 7 is stored under number 7 Zavalishin, who asked Lunin for money - M.S. Lunin. Letters from Siberia - M .: Nauka, 1987, p. 284
- ↑ Evil double - // in the book: Filin M.D. People of Imperial Russia From archival searches - M .: Intevak, 2000, 496 p. - ss. 233-266
- ↑ Balakshin Alexander Nikolaevich .
- ↑ Zavalishin Ippolit Irinarkhovich . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Zavalishin I.I. Description of Western Siberia. TT 1-3 - M .: Printing house V. Grachev and comp., 1862-1865
- ↑ Beloglazov P. Searches and discoveries. Ippolit Zavalishin and Yalutorovsk
- ↑ Own experience of prison sitting allowed Zavalishin to write with sarcasm “Prisons in Western Siberia are very good. Under General Gusford ... stone three-story prisons were erected gradually in all cities according to the normal uniform plan, covered with iron and surrounded by a stone wall, convenient and sufficient for local needs. In general, the prison part is in obvious progress ... ”
- ↑ He saw the exiled Uglich bell seen in Tobolsk from returning to exile in Uglich, where it should be placed on a square in the center of the city, for reconciliation with the past, in his opinion, "has great moral significance . "
- ↑ Bogdanova A. A. Stories by Ippolit Zavalishin: (From the history of Russian lit. Siberia of the 60s of the XIX century) - // Questions of Russian, Soviet and foreign literature. - Novosibirsk, 1971. - P. 98. - (Sci. Tr. Novosibirsk. State Ped. Institute; Vol. 65)
- ↑ Biographical Dictionary . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ V.A. Panaev. From the memoirs - / in the book: D.V. Grigorovich. Literary Memories - M.: Hood. literature, 1987, 336 p., - p. 192
- ↑ Zavalishin Ippolit Irinarkhovich . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ Literary history of Astrakhan .
- ↑ Anthology of life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky .
- ↑ Assumption B. A. Tsar and impostor: imposture in Russia as a cultural-historical phenomenon. Selected Works. T.1. The semiotics of history. Semiotics of Culture - M., 1994, p. 75-109
- ↑ According to Kolesnikov’s testimony, Zavalishin demanded upon arrest to bring in special signs, “that he has a birthmark in the form of a crown on his chest and a scepter on his shoulders”
- ↑ Bonch-Bruevich V.D. The first Russian provocateur Ippolit Zavalishin - // Modern World. 1915, No. 4
- ↑ Streich S. Provocateur Zavalishin - M .: Ogonyok, 1928, 48 p.
- ↑ Zilberstein I.S. Artist Decembrist Nikolai Bestuzhev - M .: Izob. art, 1988, ed. 3, add., 680 s., - ss. 350—351
- ↑ Apostles A.G. Deadly Light . Archived December 18, 2012.
- ↑ M.A. Bakunin. Collected Works and Letters 1828-1876, ed. and with note. Yu. M. Steklova - M., 1935, v. 4. In prisons and exile 1849-1861
Literature
- Notes of Decembrist D.I. Zavalishina - Mǜnchen: J. Marchlewski @ C °, 1904, parts 1-3. http://books.omsklib.ru/Knigi/2018/Zavalishin_Zapiski/index.html
- Kolesnikov V.P. Notes of the unfortunate containing a trip to Siberia on a tightrope - S.-Pb.: Lights, 1914, 160 p.
- Vasilieva A.M. Mound. The times are past. - Kurtamysh: State Unitary Enterprise "Kurtamysh Printing House", 2013. - S. 98-103. - 221 p. - 400 copies. - ISBN 978-5-98271-204-2 .