Guy de Choliak ( fr. Guy de Chauliac , also known as the latinized version of the name Guigonis de Caulhaco; circa 1298 , Cholac , Loser - July 25, 1368 , Avignon ) - French surgeon , doctor of the Avignon papacy , life doctor of Pope Clement VI and two his successors, Innocent VI and Urban V. The author of Chirurgia Magna , a treatise on surgery, which was first published in 1363 and then translated into most European languages, published more than 130 times, and for several centuries, up to the 17th century , remained in many countries the main textbook and practical guide on surgery.
| Guy de Choliak | |
|---|---|
| fr. Guy de chauliac | |
 | |
| Date of Birth | OK. 1298 |
| Place of Birth | Sholak , county of Provence |
| Date of death | July 25, 1368 |
| Place of death | Avignon |
| A country | |
| Scientific field | the medicine |
| Alma mater | |
| Known as | surgeon |
De Choliak is considered the "father of surgery" [1] as a field of medical science, previously considered the occupation of barbers .
Biography
Guy de Choliak was born around 1298 in a humble family living in Sholak , located in the middle of the Margerid Plateau of the province of Zhevodan (now the department of Loser ). Information about his young years is scarce and sometimes clearly intertwined with local legends. So, one of them tells that the young Guy managed to heal a broken leg at the daughter of Baron de Merkör, and the baron's wife paid for the studies of de Choliak as a reward.
He began his studies at a church school in the city of Mand , and continued at the University of Toulouse and Montpellier . As de Choliak himself mentioned in the book of Chirurgia Magna, his teacher in Toulouse was Nicolas Catalan , but the duration of his stay in this city is unknown. In Montpellier, Raymond Moliere was a mentor in medicine. Also among his teachers can be called Henri de Mondeville . Between 1315 and 1320 he visited Paris , and after six years of study in 1325, he received a master's degree in medicine.
Then he had to travel a lot like many wandering doctors of that time. Knowledge in various fields of medicine, and, in particular, in ophthalmology, gave de Choliak the opportunity to communicate with many representatives of the noble class, for example, Johann of Luxembourg . After de Choliak went to Bologna to study anatomy under the leadership of Nicolas Bertuccio. Further written references to him are absent from 1330 to 1342.
In 1344, he became first a canon of the monastery of Saint-Just near Lyon, and then a local prime minister . Remaining a doctor, he has the opportunity to carry out surgical operations in the hospital of the monastery.
During the plague pandemic in 1348, with the permission of Pope Clement VI, an autopsy is performed for those who died from the plague in order to try to study the causes of this disaster and stop it. Thus, Guy de Choliak is considered one of the first doctors who performed an autopsy of the plague for medical purposes. Subsequently, de Choliak became a papal life doctor.
Guy de Choliak himself fell ill with the plague, but survived. Having discovered the symptoms, he fenced off those around him and healed himself. For at least a week, the doctor would open his own buboes, squeeze out their contents and cauterize. This required tremendous courage, because buboes are swollen lymph nodes where the plague stick propagates. He later applied this method to volunteers with varying degrees of success.
July 23, 1368 Guy de Choliak died on the road from Avignon to Lyon. He was buried in the churchyard of Saint-Just.
Scientific Papers
In addition to the treatise on surgery “Chirurgia Magna” , among the scientific heritage of Guy De Choliak, there are many other scientific works, in particular, “Tractatus de astronomia” (about astrology), “Tractatus de peste” (about the plague), “De ruptarum curatione” ( on the treatment of hernia), “Collectorium chirurgicum”, “Inventarium chirurgicale”, “Liber de gradibus medicinarum” and others. De Scholiak described attempts to use anesthesia during surgical operations using fumes of narcotic substances ( opium , nightshade juice, henbane , mandrake , etc.), which were used as sleeping pills in patients with amputations and a wide variety of operations, including such as hernia and cataract [ 2] . Guy de Choliak recommended impregnating the sponge with drugs, then drying it in the sun, and before the operation, place the sponge in warm water and then let the patient breathe it in pairs. He did not recommend the use of surgical interventions, unless it is a question of the life or death of the patient.
Guy de Choliak described a tool for removing teeth, arranged on the principle of a lever, and called the “pelican” (whether Guy de Choliak himself used the “pelican” or just watched its use by the barber, is unknown). The Pelican helped the dental surgeon securely grab the tooth and carefully remove it along with the root. This device allowed to successfully perform including the removal of the wisdom tooth .
Literature
- Sholiak, Guy // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- The history of medicine and surgery: a textbook for students of institutions of higher education. prof. form. / M. B. Mirsky. M .: GEOTAR-Media, 2010 .-- 528 p.
- Zimin I., Musaeva R., Orekhova L. From the history of dentistry, or Who treated the teeth of the Russian monarchs. Centerpolygraph, 2013 .-- 384 p.
- Guy de Chauliac (Autor), Laurent Joubert (Hrsg.): Chirurgia magna Guidonis de Gauliaco . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1976, ISBN 3-534-04873-3 (Nachdr. D. Ausg. Lyon 1585, herausgegeben von Gundolf Keil ).
- Edouard Nicaise (Hrsg.): La grande chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, chirurgien, maître en médicine de l'université de Montpellier, composée en l'an 1363 (“Chirurgia magna”). Éditions Alcan, Paris 1890.
- Volker Zimmermann: Die mittelalterliche Frakturbehandlung im Werk von Lanfrank und Guy de Chauliac . In: Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen , Bd. 6 (1988), S. 21-34, ISSN 0177-5227 .
Notes
- ↑ Marjorie Rowling. Europe in the Middle Ages. Life, religion, culture . - Litres, 2017-09-05. - 255 p. - ISBN 5457028879 .
- ↑ History of medicine and surgery. Chapter 2. Europe in the Middle Ages . vmede.org. Date of treatment December 27, 2017.