Xenophores [1] [2] ( Latin Xenophora , from ancient Greek ξένος - alien and φορός - bearing) is a genus of gastropods from the xenophoridae family (Xenophoridae), distinguished by a peculiar shell.
Xenophore | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Xenophora pallidula clam shell | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Scientific classification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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International Scientific Name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim , 1807 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
General characteristics
The sizes of the representatives of the genus are different: the diameter of the base of the shell is 19–160 mm, the height is 21–100 mm. The shape of the shell in representatives of the family is flattened-conical, with a strongly expanded lower edge, with powerful vertical growth lines and spiral lines. The mouth of the shell is wide open. The outer surface of the shell is lined with alien objects, which can be empty clam shells, pebbles, sponges, fragments of corals, sea urchin needles, grains of sand, and even pieces of glass [2] , as well as any other material available on the seabed [2] [3] . It is assumed that they serve as masking the mollusk and protecting against potential predators, as well as to increase the overall strength of the shell [2] [3] . The mollusk strengthens all these objects on its shell so that it can stand at the bottom strictly horizontally. To fix objects on its shell, the mollusk uses its own foot, which secretes a liquid, which has the property of "cementing" in water. Having found a suitable object, the clam covers it with its foot and applies it to the sink in the necessary place and in a certain position. For fixing one pebble or another item mollusk takes about 10 hours. Sometimes xenophores can serve as an indicator of biological diversity. Thus, in the Philippines, Xenophora pallidula collects shell fragments in its shells of 13 species of bivalve mollusks and more than 30 species of gastropods . About 7% of the attached fragments have a non-biological origin in this species. Interestingly, some species of mollusks were first described by empty shells found on xenophores of this type [4] .
The ability of xenophor to disguise is so great that they have developed a generally unique feature for the mollusks to bury their own excrement in the ground [2] .
Lifestyle
Representatives of the genus inhabit the tropical seas, mainly in shallow waters, which are richest in various items on the seabed. Live on silty or silty-sandy soils.
Types
The genus Xenophora includes the following species and subspecies [3] [5] [6] :
- Xenophora minuta Qi & Ma, 1986
- Xenophora robusta Verrill, 1870
- Subgenus Xenophora (Austrophora) Kreipl, Alf & Kronenberg, 1999
- Xenophora flinders (Cotton & Godfrey, 1938)
- The subgenus Xenophora (Xenophora) Fischer von Waldheim, 1807
- Xenophora cerea (Reeve, 1845)
- Xenophora chinensis Philippi , 1841)
- Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780) typus
- Xenophora corrugata (Reeve, 1842)
- Xenophora crispa (König, 1825)
- Xenophora granulosa Ponder, 1983
- Xenophora indica Gmelin, 1791
- Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe in Kuroda et al., 1971
- Xenophora mekranensis konoi Habe, 1953
- Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908
- Xenophora neozelandica neozelandica Suter, 1908
- Xenophora neozelandica kermadecensis Ponder, 1983
- Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842)
- Xenophora peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
- Xenophora peroniana peroniana (Iredale, 1929)
- Xenophora peroniana kondoi Ponder 1983
- Xenophora senegalensis Fischer, 1873
- Xenophora solarioides (Reeve, 1845)
- Xenophora tenuis Fulton, 1938
- Synonyms of species
- Subgenus Xenophora (Stellaria) Möller, 1832: = Stellaria Möller, 1832
- Xenophora (Stellaria) testigera (Bronn, 1831): = Stellaria testigera (Bronn, 1831)
- Xenophora australis Souverbie & Montrouzier, 1870: = Xenophora (Xenophora) solarioides (Reeve, 1845)
- Xenophora calculifera (Reeve, 1843): = Stellaria chinensis (Philippi, 1841)
- Xenophora caperata sensu Petit de la Saussaye, 1857: = Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873
- Xenophora caribaea Petit de la Saussaye, 1857 - Caribbean: • Onustus caribaeus (Petit de la Saussaye, 1857)
- Xenophora cavelieri Rochebrune, 1883: = Xenophora (Xenophora) senegalensis Fischer, 1873
- Xenophora digitata Martens, 1878: = Stellaria testigera digitata Martens, 1878
- Xenophora gigantea (Schepman, 1909): = Stellaria gigantea (Schepman, 1909)
- Xenophora helvacea Philippi, 1851: = Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
- Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971: = Xenophora (Xenophora) japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971
- Xenophora konoi Habe, 1953: = Xenophora (Xenophora) mekranensis konoi Habe, 1953
- Xenophora laevigata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: = Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
- Xenophora lamberti Souverbie, 1871: = Stellaria lamberti (Souverbie, 1871)
- Xenophora longleyi Bartsch, 1931 = Onustus longleyi Bartsch, 1931
- Xenophora meandrina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: = Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
- Xenophora mediterranea Tiberi , 1863: = Xenophora (Xenophora) crispa (König, 1825)
- Xenophora neozelanica Suter, 1908: = Xenophora (Xenophora) neozelanica neozelanica Suter, 1908
- Xenophora regularis Habe & Okutani, 1983 : = Xenophora (Xenophora) granulosa Ponder, 1983
- Xenophora tenuis Hirase, 1934: = Xenophora (Xenophora) tenuis Fulton, 1983
- Xenophora torrida Kuroda & Ito, 1961 : = Xenophora (Xenophora) cerea (Reeve, 1845)
- Xenophora tricostata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: = Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
- Xenophora tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge, 1993: = Xenophora (Xenophora) corrugata (Reeve, 1842)
- Xenophora vulcanica Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: = Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780)
- Xenophora wagneri Philippi, 1855: = Onustus indicus (Gmelin, 1791)
Notes
- ↑ Vlastov B.V. , Matekin P.V. Class Gastropods (Gastropoda) // Animal Life. Volume 2. Mollusks. Echinoderms. Pogonofory. The bristles. Poluhordovye. Chord. Arthropods. Crustaceans / ed. R.K. Pasternak, ch. ed. V.Ye. Sokolov . - 2nd ed. - M .: Enlightenment, 1988. - p. 31. - 447 p. - ISBN 5-09-000445-5 .
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Ershov V. A charming world of shells. - Delta, 2005.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Kreipl, K. & Alf, A. Recent Xenophoridae. - Hackenheim: ConchBooks, 1999. - 148 pp. incl 28 color plts. - ISBN 3-925919-26-0 .
- ↑ Rudolf Burukovsky. What do shells sing about. - Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad book publishing house, 1977. - 110 p. - 90 000 copies
- ↑ Powell AWB New Zealand Mollusca. - Auckland, New Zealand: William Collins Publishers Ltd , 1979. - ISBN 0-00-216906-1 .
- ↑ OBIS Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database