Arie Jean Hagen-Smith ( Eng. Arie Jan Haagen-Smit ; December 22, 1900, Utrecht — March 17, 1977, Pasadena , California) is a Dutch chemist and public figure. Author of many works on the chemistry of plant hormones. His work on the study of smog formation processes and air pollution control activities have brought him the greatest fame and recognition.
Arie Jean Hagen-Smith | |
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Arie Jan Haagen-Smit | |
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Date of death | |
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Scientific field | chemistry |
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Academic degree | Doctor of Chemistry (Ph.D.) |
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Awards and prizes | Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1974 ) Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement ( 1974 ) National Science Medal of the United States ( 1973 ) [d] ( 1969 ) |
Content
Early years and education
Hagen-Smith was born in Utrecht in the family of Jan Willem Adrianus Hagen-Smith ( niderl. Jan Willem Adrianus Haagen-Smit ) and Maria Gertrudy van Manen ( nderl. Maria Geertruida van Maanen ). His father was the chief chemist at the Royal Mint [4] and kept a large library of books on natural sciences and technology in his house, which allowed the boy to become familiar with science from childhood. It is interesting to note that chemistry then did not arouse any interest in him, Hagen-Smith then found the chemistry of silver and gold, which he observed at his father’s work, “rather dull”. At school he was interested in mathematics, physics, he studied English, German, French and Latin with interest.
In 1918, Hagen-Smith entered the University of Utrecht in the department of chemistry. According to his wife, he could become a physicist or a mathematician, but the university management told him that there are no vacant positions in the Netherlands in these areas. In 1922 he entered the graduate school of the University of Utrecht, where he chose organic chemistry as his specialization, considering inorganic chemistry as a “stupid bunch of facts”. In 1926, he received a MA degree, and in 1926, under the leadership of Leopold Ruzicki, he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic “Studies in the field of sesquiterpenes”.
Scientific Activities
The first supervisor of Hagen-Smith was Peter van Romburg, a professor of chemistry specializing in food. Under his leadership, he studied the composition of cashew nut rind, poisonous substances of ivy and oak. After van Romburg’s resignation, Leopold Ruzicka, who was studying the terpenes, took the vacant seat. Under his leadership, Hagen-Smith defended his thesis on the topic "Research in the field of sesquitepreny". This work aroused in him a long-term interest in the chemistry of terpenes.
After defending his thesis, Hagen-Smith continued to work at the University of Utrecht for 5 years. In 1934, he, independently of K. Timann, isolated indolyl-3-acetic acid, later called heteroauxin , a plant growth hormone. In 1935, Hagen-Smith, together with Fritsham Went, establishes that substances similar to heteroauxin are chemically, but never occurring in nature, can be used to control plant growth [5] . This discovery was not patented, but it marked the beginning of a huge industry in agrochemistry and a multi-billion dollar business based on the production of herbicides and growth hormones. As a result of this work, Hagen-Smith gains a reputation as a talented researcher and expert in the field of plant hormones.
In 1936–1937 Hagen-Smith, at the invitation of Timann, lectured at Harvard. In 1937 he moved to the California Institute of Technology , and since then his work has been inextricably linked with Caltech. Hagen-Smith studied the chemical nature of the wound hormone of leguminous plants [6] , isolated the active substance from seed cannabis [7] , investigated the precursors of the pigment of the eye of Drosophila [8] and adenine as a plant growth hormone [9] . In Caltech, Hagen-Smith continues to study the chemistry of volatile plant oils - separates the terpenes of guaile leaf oils [10] and a variety of pine [11] , determines the composition of the leaf oil of the California laurel tree. Hagen-Smith is the author of the classic chapter on chemistry, synthesis, and functions of vegetable oils in the 1948 book The Essential Oils.
In 1940, he began a large study to determine the substances responsible for the taste and smell of peach [12] , and further wine [13] , onions and garlic. For this work, a special technique was developed by which plants were placed in transparent vessels connected to a cold trap and exposed to sunlight. Thus, it was possible to collect and study the volatile plant oils responsible for odor and taste. These works had a huge impact on the development of food chemistry in the world.
Smog and air pollution control
After World War II, the environmental situation in California began to deteriorate sharply - some regions were sometimes wrapped in mist, irritating the eyes and causing difficulty breathing. Later, these aerosols were called smog , but in the 1940s there was no evidence of its chemical nature.
Hagen-Smith, at the request of the authorities, successfully applied the methods developed in the study of volatile components of plant oils, determined its composition and found out that the smog was based on polymerized ozone oxidation products [14] of unsaturated hydrocarbons, the main sources of which were automobile exhausts and storage tanks fuel. The negative effect of smog on plants was also studied [15] , with the result that smog-sensitive plants such as alfalfa and spinach were used at environmental stations to determine the level of air pollution.
From 1950 to 1959, he leaves all academic positions and concentrates all his efforts on studying smog and developing measures to control air pollution, he is a member of numerous committees and councils involved in the protection of the environment. Further studies confirmed the photochemical theory of the appearance of smog, and also established the participation of nitrogen oxides in this process. In 1957, Hagen-Smith studied the causes of air pollution at Edison Company power plants in Southern California, the result of these studies was to reduce emissions of not only hydrocarbons, but also nitrogen oxides.
In 1968, he heads CARB , which, under his leadership, strengthens measures for the environmental certification of vehicles and industries. From 1968 to 1970 he was a member of the working group under the President of the United States on air pollution issues, and from 1971 to 1976 he was a member of the committee on the problems of air pollution at the Environmental Protection Agency. In 1974, he was dismissed from his post as head of CARB, Ronald Reagan, for refusing to reduce emission requirements.
In January 1977, the CARB lab in El Monte, California was named after Hagen-Smith.
Personal life
In 1930, he married Petronella Pennings, from whom, after her death, he left his son Jean. June 10, 1935 marries Maria Bloumers, a graduate student at the University of Utrecht. In marriage, they had three daughters: Mary, Margaret and Joan.
While studying at the university he was fond of sports - rowing and boxing.
Hagen-Smith died of lung cancer on March 17, 1977 in Pasadena, California.
Awards and titles
- 1947 - Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau , the Netherlands
- 1950 - Fritsche Award, American Chemical Society
- 1957 - Special Clean Air Award, California, Los Angeles County
- 1958 - The Frank A. Chambers Excellence in Air Pollution Control Award [16]
- 1964 - Tolman Medal ( ) (Southern California Branch of the American Chemical Society) [17]
- 1969 - , Smithsonian Institution [18]
- 1970 - BY Morrison Memorial Lectureship Award, US Department of Agriculture [19]
- 1972 - Monsanto award for air pollution control, American Chemical Society
- 1973 - National Medal of Science
- 1974 - Tyler Prize (first assignment)
- 1974 - Elliott Cresson Medal , Franklin Institute
Notes
- 2 1 2 3 German National Library , Berlin State Library , Bavarian State Library , etc. Record # 181263467 // Common Regulatory Control (GND) - 2012—2016.
- ↑ 1 2 SNAC - 2010.
- ↑ Biografisch Portaal - 2009.
- ↑ Bonner J. Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. 1900-1977 // Biographical Memoirs. - Washington DC: National Academy of Science, 1989. - Vol. 58. - p. 189-216. - ISBN 978-0-309-03938-3 .
- ↑ Haagen-Smit A., Went F. A physiological analysis of growth substance // Proc. K. Ned. Acad. Wet., Ser. C. - Vol. 38. - P. 852.
- ↑ Haagen-Smit A., English J., Bonner J. The wound hormones of plants // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA. - Vol. 25. - p. 323.
- ↑ Haagen-Smit A., Wawra C., Koepfli J., Allies G., et al. A physiological active principle from Cannabis sativa // Science. - Vol. 91. - P. 602.
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, E. Tatum. Indentification of Drosophila V + hormone of bacterial origin // J. Biol. Chem. 140: 575
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, J. Bonner. Laef growth factors. Ii. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 25: 184
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, R. Siu. Chemical investigation in guayule. I. Essential oil of guayule, Parthenium argentatum, gray // J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66: 2068
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, C Redemann, N. Mirov. Composition of gum turpentine of Torrey pine // J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69: 2014
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, J. Kirchner, C. Deasy. Chemical studies of pineapple. I. The volatile flavor and odor constituetnts of pineapple // J. Am. Chem. Soc. 67: 1646
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, F. Hirosava, T. Wang. Chemical studies on grapes and wines // Food Res., 14: 472
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, C. Bradley. Ozone formation in photochemical oxidation of organic substances // Ind. Eng. Chem., 45: 2086
- ↑ A. Haagen-Smit, E. Darley, M. Zaitlin, H. Hull. Investigation of the area of air traffic from the Los Angeles area // Plant. Physiol., 27:18
- Frank The Frank A. Chambers Excellence in Air Pollution Control Award
- ↑ Tolman Award
- ↑ Hodgkins Medal (inaccessible link) . The date of circulation is October 16, 2012. Archived on October 5, 2017.
- ↑ BY Morrison Memorial Lecturer