Hanweet ( Vietnamese. Hán Việt , Thu-nom 越 越 , Sinicism in Vietnamese ) is part of the vocabulary of the Vietnamese language , which was borrowed from the Chinese language or compiled in Vietnam from borrowed elements. Apart from cripples , from 30 to 60 percent of the Vietnamese language vocabulary is borrowed from Chinese [1] . Initially, these words were written in Vietnamese hieroglyphs , but after the spelling reform, the Vietnamese completely switched to Latin .
History
As a result of hundreds of years of Chinese rule, many Chinese words were borrowed into Vietnamese, including the negative particle Khong ( không , 空 ) , which supplanted the primordial pull ( chẳng ) [2] . Officials used vinyan , and terms related to science, political science, education, philosophy, and other fields were taken from wenyan. Like the Koreans and the Japanese , the Vietnamese changed the reading of Chinese words to their own manners; over time, a system of reading Chinese characters appeared.
When contacts with the West became permanent, European and American words began to fall into Vietnamese through Chinese. Western works translated into Chinese were then translated in Vietnam, and toponyms also came to Vietnam through Chinese:
- Portugal → whale. trad. 葡萄牙 , pinyin : pútáoyá , pall. : Putaoja → Bodaоняa ( Vietnamese. Bồ Đào Nha ) ;
- England → whale. trad. 英吉利 , pinyin : yīngjílì , pall. : Inqili → Anh Cát Lợi → Anh ;
- America → whale trad. 亞美 利加 洲 , pinyin : yàměilìjiā zhōu , pall. : Yameiljia Zhou → Milozia ( Vietnamese. Mỹ Lợi Gia , T. 美 利加 ) → Mỹ .
The word "club" was borrowed into Japanese in the form of atheji "kurab" ( Jap. 倶 楽 部 ), then - in Chinese in the form of a whale. trad. 俱樂部 , pinyin : jùlèbù , pall. : yylebu , and after that - to Vietnam, where kaulakbo is read ( câu lạc bộ ) .
Recently, in Vietnamese, there is a tendency to replace cynicism with tracing paper, for example, the White House is called not bat ok ( Bạch Ốc , 白 屋 ) , but nya chang ( Nhà Trắng ) .
Sometimes in different regions they use different words: in the north of the country, the original word Maybay ( máy bay ) is used to denote the concept “airplane”, and in the south - Ficho Chinaism ( phi cơ , 飛機 ) .
Use
Kitaizmy in Vietnamese, as borrowing from the Latin language in Russian, have a hint of scientific character (cf. "depresitive" and "derogatory"; "linguistic" and "linguistic"). Since in Chinese and Vietnamese different order of the definition and the determinant, the composite Sinicum in Vietnamese can look like errors. For example, Sinicism for the designation of a white-borne horse — the bat ma ( bạch mã , 白馬 , “white” + “horse”) can be replaced with the Vietnamese word ngya chang ( ngựa trắng , “horse” + “white”) . Because of this, the mixture of Vietnamese and Chinese words is very rare. Often, Sinicism is replaced by the local word:
- chung ky ( chung cư , flat) was originally chinta kyism ( chúng cư , 眾 居 , “dwelling for many”) , the first syllable chúng was replaced with the original chung , meaning “shared”, “together”.
Some Sinicisms were already created in Vietnam, and do not exist in Chinese:
- Lin Muk ( linh mục , 靈 牧 , pastor , spiritual shepherd) .
Other Vietnamese Sinicum are outdated and are no longer used:
- li thyuet ( lý thuyết , 理 說 , "theory") ;
- Khoak ( hoa kỳ , 花旗 , USA ) is the former Chinese name for the USA.
If you write down Sino-Vietnamese borrowings in Latin, then homophony problems arise: both 明 (bright) and 冥 (dark) are read minh (min), that is, the same word has opposite meanings (although the value “dark” is used only in a limited number of compound words). Perhaps this is why Pluto is not called 冥王星 (literally “the star of the underground king”, min vyong ting), as in other South-East Asian languages (Chinese míngwángxīng, Minvansin, Jap. Mayo: sei), behalf of the Buddhist god Yama . In the Ho dynasty, Vietnam was called Dai Ngu ( Vietnamese Đại Ngu , Tы-tom 大 虞 , Great Yu) . But in the modern Vietnamese "ngu" is, first of all, a fool (愚), respectively, the Vietnamese sometimes interpret the name as "Round idiot". The problem of homophones is not as great as it could have been, because, although Chinese borrowings turn into homophones when recording in Latin, usually only one meaning is widespread.
See also
- Kitaizmy in Korean
- Kitaizmy in Japanese
- Thy-nom
Notes
- ↑ Wm C. Hannas. Asia's orthographic dilemma . - University of Hawaii Press, 1997. - p. 77.
- ↑ Nguyễn Phú Phong. sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNPhPhong.htm The Nguồn language of Quảng Bình]. - 1996.
Literature
- Alves, Mark J. 2001. “What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?” In Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society , edited by Graham W. Thurgood. 221-242. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. PDF
- Alves, Mark J. 2007. "Categories of the Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary" in Mon-Khmer Studies Volume 37, 217–229. PDF
- Alves, Mark J. 2009. "Loanwords in Vietnamese" in Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, ed. Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor. 617–637. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Hannas, William C. 1997. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma . University of Hawaii Press.