Education in Georgia ( Georgian განათლება საქართველოში ) is managed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Georgia . Legislation in the field of education is the Constitution of Georgia , constitutional agreement, international treaties and agreements, by-laws.
History
Ancient World
In the 4th century AD on the territory of modern Georgia, in the city of Fazis , near present-day Poti , the Higher Rhetorical School, the Colchis Academy , was founded. Training here was conducted in Georgian and Greek . The Academy studied rhetoric, philosophy, physics, mathematics, logic [1] .
Middle Ages
At the beginning of the XI century, Georgia became a centralized state, which affected the development of crafts, trade and culture. The development of culture was reflected in the development of education. So, the Gelat Academy , founded in 1106 by King David IV the Builder, became one of the largest scientific and educational centers in the Middle East. Thinkers such as Ioane Petritsi and Ioane Chavsheli worked at the academy. They were engaged in translations and created original works. The Academy taught geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, philosophy, grammar, rhetoric and music [2] .
The influence of the Western European education system and Byzantium on the school of medieval Georgia was quite strong. At the same time, textbooks were used in schools, in which national traditions, features of history, language and culture were reflected [3] .
XIX century
In 1804, a school for noble children was opened in Tbilisi, which in 1830 was transformed into a gymnasium. It was the first official secular school from which some prominent figures of the new Georgian culture emerged: Grigol Orbeliani , Dmitry Kipiani , Nikoloz Baratashvili . In 1850, a gymnasium opened in Kutaisi . At that time, there were boarding houses for both male and female gymnasiums [4] .
In 1830, secular elementary schools were opened in seven districts of Georgia. For the preparation of clergy, the tsarist government created spiritual schools. In 1817, a theological seminary was opened in Tbilisi. Since 1818, spiritual district and parish schools began to open. Representatives of all classes were accepted at the seminary [4] .
In large settlements, private schools began to appear, in which children from wealthy families studied. By the 1940s, few rural schools operated for the peasantry, especially in western Georgia. In 1860, there were 145 educational institutions of all kinds in Georgia, which included 7850 students [4] .
XX century
In 1914-1915, 1765 secondary schools operated in the territory of modern Georgia, of which 1677 were primary [5] , with 157,100 pupils and 5858 teachers [6] .
At the beginning of the century, the literacy rate among the population was 21.9%. By 1927, this figure rose to 47.5%. Despite government actions aimed at increasing the number of literate citizens, adult illiteracy was still high [7] .
In 1959, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On measures for the development of boarding schools in 1959-1965." It played a significant role in the implementation of the law on universal compulsory education.
In the 1961-1962 academic year, 57 boarding schools worked in the GSSR, with 15.8 thousand pupils studying in them. More than 927 thousand children studied at 4685 schools of the Georgian SSR in 1966 and up to 70 thousand teachers worked, of which approximately 75% had higher education [8] .
Modernity
Secondary education
Begins with six years. It has three levels: elementary school (6 years), primary school (3 years), high school (3 years). At the end of primary school, students receive a certificate of basic education, and at the end of the twelfth grade - a certificate of full secondary education. Adopted a ten-point rating system [9] [10] .
Compulsory subjects include chemistry , physics , biology , geography , history , Georgian , literature , one of the foreign languages and mathematics .
Schools are run by boards of trustees who elect school principals on a proposal from the Ministry of Education and Science.
According to the data for 2012, 92.1% of people aged 5 to 14 attend schools. For each teacher there are 14-16 students. Salaries of teachers depend on their experience and qualifications and are approximately equal to 137-200 US dollars [11] .
Specialized Secondary Education
After the 9th grade of the school, you can enter the first level of secondary vocational education. After three steps to the diploma of secondary vocational education, a certificate of complete secondary education of a vocational / technical secondary school or specialized secondary school is issued.
Higher Education
Higher education is paid. For admission to the university requires passing the Unified National Exam (ENE). This is an exam in 4 subjects: logical skills, Georgian language and literature, a foreign language and a choice exam [9] .
There are 4 levels of higher education:
- Certified Specialist (Bachelor of the first stage)
- Bachelor
- master
- Doctoral student
Used 100% (point) and letter system of assessment (from A to F).
There are three degrees of the type of higher education: university, graduate and college [12] .
Language of instruction
According to Georgian law, in general educational institutions, the language of instruction is Georgian, and in uncontrolled Georgian authorities of Abkhazia, it is Abkhazian and Georgian. Georgian citizens for whom the Georgian language is not native, have the right to receive education in their native language in accordance with the curriculum. In specialized schools, whose activities are aimed at teaching children with hearing and visual impairments, sign language and braille are used, respectively.
Notes
- ↑ USSR. Public education . Vologda Regional Universal Scientific Library named after I.V. Babushkin . Date of appeal May 15, 2016.
- ↑ Akaki Surguladze. Essays on the history of Georgian culture of the XIX century. - Helovneba, 1980 .-- S. 50 .-- 343 p.
- ↑ Education on the territory of the medieval states of Transcaucasia .
- ↑ 1 2 3 M. Gaprindashvili, O. Jordania. Essays on the history of Georgia. - Metsniereba, 1990 .-- V. 5 .-- 614 p. - ISBN 5-520-00499-4 .
- ↑ Cecilia Polievktovna Kalandadze. The cultural revolution in Georgia. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 1963. - P. 15. - 107 p.
- ↑ Cecilia Polievktovna Kalandadze. The cultural revolution in Georgia. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 1963. - P. 18. - 107 p.
- ↑ Cecilia Polievktovna Kalandadze. The cultural revolution in Georgia. - Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 1963. - P. 43. - 107 p.
- ↑ G. A. Melikishvili, V. D. Dondua. Georgia during the period of communist construction. // Stories of Georgia. - T. 3.
- ↑ 1 2 Article from the series “How are they?”: Education in Georgia . Date of appeal May 15, 2016.
- ↑ Starting September 15, a new school year will begin in all Georgian schools . Date of appeal May 15, 2016.
- ↑ Angel-Urdinola, Diego F. Child Poverty Study - Georgia.
- ↑ უმაღლესი განათლების სისტემა (cargo) . Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. Date of treatment May 21, 2016.
Literature
- Colchis Academy // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- Gelati Academy // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.