The TM-3-12 (from a 12-inch marine type 3-inch transporter ), a 305-mm railroad artillery model of 1938 - a super-heavy rail artillery system with guns from the sunken battleship "Empress Maria" [1] . Were released 3 copies, united in the 9th separate artillery railway division. As part of the division took part in the Soviet-Finnish war , after which they were transferred to the naval base of Hanko . Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, they participated in the defense of the base, where they had been undermined before the evacuation. Undermined installations got as trophies of the Finnish army, which produced their restoration using the same type of guns from the battleship "Emperor Alexander III" . After the conclusion of an armistice with Finland, they were returned to the Soviet Union, where they formed a separate railway battery No. 294, which was on alert in Baltiysk . They were in service until 1961, after which they were mothballed and stored at Fort Krasnaya Gorka . All three copies of the TM-3-12 artillery installation have survived to this day: one is in the Museum of the Great Patriotic War on Poklonnaya Hill , the second is in the Museum of Russian Railways , St. Petersburg (on re-exposure), the third is on the same fort Gorka "near St. Petersburg .
| TM-3-12 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type of | Super heavyweight artillery system |
| Service history | |
| In service |   |
| Wars and conflicts | Soviet-Finnish War (1939-1940) The Second World War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Nikolaev Shipbuilding Plant [1] |
| Total released | 3 |
| Specifications | |
| Caliber , mm | 305 (304.8) |
| Rate of fire shots / min | 1.8—2 |
| starting speed projectile, m / s | 830 |
| Maximum range, m | 30,000 |
Content
Creation History
In the 1920s – 30s, the Soviet Union experienced great difficulties with the navy, and therefore focused its attention on creating coastal defenses to guard a long coastline, including guns based on railway platforms. To implement large-caliber artillery projects on railway platforms, in 1932, a special design bureau (OKB-3) was created at the Leningrad Metal Works , headed by A. G. Dukelsky, who was tasked with creating a project for 356-mm railway transporters, which later received the TM index -1-14 .
From 20 to 30 August 1939, all three railway transporters passed field tests, except for firing tests [2] , and by February 7, all tests were fired at the Rzhevsky range , after which the railway batteries were put into service [3] [4] .
Construction
Cannon
Rail Transporter
Bases and stationary positions
In connection with the increase in the composition of the railway artillery, on October 13, 1925, the General Staff of the Red Army decided to expand the number of stationary gun platforms intended for firing with artillery railway transporters such as TM-1-14 , TM-3-12 and TM-1-180 , as well as the construction of a railway artillery base. A special commission was sent to the district to select locations for positions and bases. The positions should have been located in the districts: Kolgonpya Cape, Kiryamo village , Black Lakhta village, Candykylia village, Lipovo village , and the base in the area of Candykylia village is Lipovo village [5] .
Mukkovo Base
village Mukkovo
Base of railway transporters of the Luga coastal defense sector
A survey of the territory in the originally intended area of the villages of Kandykylä and Lipovo showed that the construction of a base in this area is inappropriate. The main problem was the great difficulties with the delivery of building materials [6] . Therefore, the commission chose a site for construction near the village of Mukkovo near Lake Babinskoe and the Valgovitsa crossing [6] [7] .
Three railway artillery batteries were planned to be deployed at the base, for which in 1936 it was planned to lay more than four kilometers of railway tracks, and to service the technical part it was planned to build electric and water pumping stations, a garage for cars, a steam locomotive shed and warehouses, as well as a room for personal composition [8] . According to the plan, the base was to ensure the dispatch of nine combat echelons with an interval of not more than 10 - 15 minutes [9] . The five-year plan for the development of the base provided for the construction of a sufficiently large number of social facilities: housing, medical and children's institutions, a shop, a club and a bathhouse [10] [11] .
Stationary positions
“Object 100” Alyutino
- Kurgalsky peninsula "Object 600" near the village of Homolov
- Soikinsky peninsula , “Object 300” southeast of the village Kolgopnya
Organizational structure
Of the 3 artillery installations, the 9th Separate Artillery Division was formed, which consisted of 5 echelons, 3 of which were combat, which included the TM-3-12 artillery transporters themselves, one echelon with air defense systems and one mobile base.
The compositions of the trains were as follows:
First combat train:
| Second battle train:
|
The third combat train:
| Fourth Echelon - Mobile Base
|
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 Victory weapons / I. V. Bach and others; Rev .: VN Novikov and others; Edited by V. N. Novikov. - M .: Mechanical Engineering, 1987. - 512 p.
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 416 , l. 422-428
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 416 , l. 48
- ↑ Bragin, 2006 , p. 39-41.
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 271 , l. one
- ↑ 1 2 Bragin, 2006 , p. 100.
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 271 , l. 30-31
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 281 , l. eight
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 281 , l. thirty
- ↑ Bragin, 2006 , p. 101.
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. P-92 , op. 2 , d. 416 , l. 364
- ↑ RGAVMF , f. R-92 , op. 2 , d. 271 , l. 82
Literature
- Bragin V.I. Guns on rails. - Moscow, 2006. - 472 p. - ISBN 5-91055-002-0 .
- L.I. Amirkhanov. Marine guns on the railway. - Ivanov and Leschinsky, 1994. - 64 p. - ISBN 5-86467-013-8 .