History of Dalmatia

Dalmatia is first mentioned in the writings of Roman writers. At the turn of the I century BC. er and I century AD er The Roman Empire began the conquest of Illyria in 168 BC. e., forming in its place the Roman province Illyricum . In 156, the Romans made the first campaign against the Dalmats and forced them to pay tribute. In 9, Tiberius suppressed the Great Illyrian Uprising , after which, in 10, Illyricum was divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia . The territory of the province of Dalmatia occupied all the Dinaric highlands and the entire Adriatic coast. Its capital was the city of Salon . Emperor Domitian glorified the province by building his palace near Salona, ​​in Spalatum (modern Split ) ^[1] . Other Dalmatian cities in that era were: Tarsatica , Senia , Vegium, Aenona, Iader, Scardona, Tragurium, Aequum, Oneum, Issa, Pharus, Bona, Corcyra Nigra, Narona, Epidaurus, Rhizinium, Acruvium , Olcinium , Scodra , Epidamus, Piedra, Rhizinium, Acruvium , Olcinium , Scodra , Epidamus, Piedra, Rhizinium, Acruvium , Olcinium , Scodra , Epidamusus, Rhizinium, Acruvium , Olcinium , Scodra , Epidamusus, Rhizinium, Acruvium , Olcinium , Scodra , Epidamusus, Rhizinium, Acruvium .

After the division of the Roman Empire into two parts, Dalmatia remained part of the Western Roman Empire. From the Romans left a number of fortresses and palaces, as well as administrative self-government provided to this region. After the fall of the empire in 476, Dalmatia fell under the rule of the Gothic kings Odoacer and Theodoric . Gothic presence lasted from 476 to 535, when Emperor Justinian annexed Dalmatia to Byzantium.

After the accession of Dalmatia, Byzantium organizes the remaining settlements in theme - a military administrative unit. The center of the Dalmatian theme (Greek Θέμα Δαλματίας) was Zadar . At that time, the coast revives, cities become the center of culture and education. However, the main part of the former Dalmatia was controlled by the Slavs - the Serbs and Croats. They create the first Dalmatian principalities, and trade and diplomacy begin to develop in Dalmatia. Coastal cities have become and the centers of the spread of Christianity, which took the tribes living far from the coast.

Croatian Dalmatia

Pagania

Zahumye

Travunia

Dukla

Venice and Hungary

In the 1st half of the 10th century, a significant part of Dalmatia was annexed to his possessions by the Croatian king Tomislav . However, pretty soon - at the beginning of the XI century, cities on the islands and some on the coast are captured by Venice . And since then, with short breaks, they will remain a part of the Republic until 1797 . Venice also took advantage of the dynastic feuds in Hungary, which by that time, on the basis of union, annexed Croatia. Thus, Dalmatia was divided between Hungary, the Bosnian Kingdom , Serbia and Venice. Of the major cities on the coast, only Dubrovnik, which maintained close trade relations with Serbian cities, was able to preserve independence. Venice was unable to prevent its contacts with other states.

In the XV — XVI centuries, the Ottoman Empire occupied part of Dalmatia. It absorbs Serbia, the Bosnian kingdom, Hungary and fights with Venice. The campaigns of the Turkish troops forced many Serbs to leave their homes and go to that part of Dalmatia, which previously belonged to Hungary. Serb immigrants increased the number of Serbs in this region, where they became frontiers - soldiers who defended these lands from the Turks, and for military service were exempted from taxes or jumps that attacked the Turks at sea. In parallel with this, the Croatian population left Dalmatia, which settled on the islands or left for Hungary. As a result of a series of wars of the 16th — 18th centuries in 1718, the Turks and Venetians affirm the so-called “Mozenigo Line”, which became the new frontier of Dalmatia until 1918 . At the same time, an influx of the Serbian population to the region continues.

After the War of the Sixth Coalition and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Dalmatia was handed over to the Austrian Empire. On its territory the Kingdom of Dalmatia and temporarily Illyrian Kingdom were formed. The latter was liquidated in 1822 and turned into an administrative unit.

After the revolution of 1848, two political movements emerged in Dalmiusia: unionists oriented toward Croatia (the People’s Party and the Party of Law ) and autonomists oriented toward Italy (the Party of Autonomists ).

After the First World War, this region is part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , later renamed Yugoslavia. A number of territories were transferred to other administrative-territorial units within the Kingdom. As a result, Dalmatia was framed in the Primorsky region with the center in Split. In this form, in 1941 it became part of the Independent State of Croatia , which was created by the decision of Hitler and Mussolini in the occupied territories of Yugoslavia. Croatian Ustashi staged a genocide of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies in all the territories under their control. It greatly changed the ethnic structure of the population and in many localities the Serbs, who previously constituted the majority of the population, became a minority. Jews in Croatia were almost completely destroyed. The Ustasha terror did not bypass Dalmatia. The Italian troops intervened rather quickly in the situation in Dalmatia, and in a number of cases they were able to protect the Serbs and Jews from extermination. As a result of the actions of the Ustashes, a powerful partisan movement was born in the region. The first to fight were the officers of the royal army , who continued the traditions of the Serbian Chetniks. In Dalmatia, the famous Dinaric division of Momchilo Djuich operated. After June 1941, Communist partisans also took up arms. In 1945, the liberated Dalmatia joined the Socialist Republic of Croatia in the framework of the new Yugoslavia ( Yugoslavia ). From this time in the history of Dalmatia, a new page began. It developed at an accelerated pace, tourism and industry flourished. However, to a greater extent this was typical of coastal areas. The development of the territories near the border with Bosnia was not so impressive.

In 1990, the nationalist party came to power in Croatia. The Croatian Democratic Union , led by Franjo Tudjman. Their course towards secession from Yugoslavia and the policy towards the Serbian population of the republic provoke hostilities. Croatian police and paramilitary units initially undertake a series of operations against the Serbs, and then block the barracks of the Yugoslav People's Army and begin large-scale military actions. This happened in Dalmatia. The first clashes were marked in the summer of 1990, when in response to the nationalist actions of the Croatian authorities, the Krajina Serbs held a referendum on autonomy. In 1991, battles in Dalmatia go near Šibenik , Zadar, Knin, Dubrovnik , etc. Serbs were able to create a fairly consolidated territory, which under the name of Northern Dalmatia became part of the Serbian Krajina. After the signing of the Sarajevo armistice in January 1992, fighting continued in Dalmatia. In addition to local clashes, battles were fought around Dubrovnik, where Croatian troops conducted operations to de-blockade the city. The Croats also launched offensive operations on the Miljevach plateau and in the Maslenitsa area . Knin became the capital of RSK. In 1995, the Croatian army conducted Operation Storm, which resulted in the destruction of the RSK and the mass exodus of the Serbian population from Croatia, including from Dalmatia.

After the war, Dalmatia again became the tourist center of Croatia.

• Dalmatia / Kuzmicheva L.V. // Grigoriev - Dynamics [Electronic resource]. - 2007. - P. 258. - (The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 tons.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004–2017, Vol. 8). - ISBN 978-5-85270-338-5 .
• Dalmatia // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 extra.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.