Czech dialects

Within each of the four dialect groups, separate areas (dialects, dialect groups, dialects) are distinguished ^[1] , in which a number of dialectal characters are distinguished that distinguish this dialect from other dialects of a certain territory. For example, in the Czech dialect group, central, northeastern, southwestern and southeastern dialects are distinguished, in the southwestern dialect, in turn, Chodian, Dudlebian and other dialects can be distinguished, etc. ^{[2 ] [9]} :

• Czech dialects ( česká nářečí , skupina česká )
  • Central (Central Bohemian) dialect ( nářečí středočeská )
  • Northeastern Czech dialect ( nářečí severovýchodočeská ), including subkrkonoše ( úseky podkrknošský a pojeśtědský ), kladskie ( kladské nářečí ) and Lithuanian ( úsek litomyślský ) dialects
  • Southwestern Czech dialect ( nářečí jihozápadočeská ), including Chodsk (domažlický) ( úsek chodský ( domažlický )) and Dudleb ( úsek doudlebský ) dialects
  • Southeast ( nářečí jihovýchodočeská ) (Czech-Moravian transitional) ( přechodný pás česko-moravský ) dialect
• Central Moravian (Ganak) dialects ( středomoravská ( hanácká ) nářečí , skupina středomoravská ( hanácká ))
  • Central dialect ( typ centrálni )
  • Mountain dialect ( typ horský )
  • Znojemsky dialect ( typ znojemský )

In addition, peripheral dialects are distinguished: western ( typ západní ), northern ( typ severní ) and eastern ( typ východní ), as well as Chugat dialect ( typ čuhácký )

• North Moravian (Silesian, Lyashsky) dialects ( slezská ( lašská ) nářečí , skupina slezská ( lašská ))
  • Dialect of Opava ( nářečí opavská ( západní )), including Western Opavian dialects ( úsek západoopavský )
  • Ostrava dialect ( nářečí ostravská ( střední )), including mountain dialects ( úsek hornoostravický )
  • Silesian-Moravian dialect ( nářečí slezskomoravská ( jižní )
  • Mixed Czech-Polish language region ( smíšená jazyková oblast česko-polská )
• East Moravian (Moravian-Slovak) dialects ( východomoravská ( moravskoslovenská ) nářečí , skupina východomoravská ( moravskoslovenská ))
  • Slovak dialect ( nářečí slovácká ), including dialects ( úsek dolský )
  • The Wallachian dialect ( nářečí valašská ), including the Kielce dialects ( úsek kelečský )

Kopanichar dialects ( úsek kopaničářský ) are also distinguished

On the basis of the dialects of the Czech language, sub-dialectal language forms were formed. There are four main inter dialects formed on the basis of the Czech and three Moravian dialect groups: Czech ( obecná čeština ), Ganack ( obecná hanáčtina ), Moravian-Slovak ( obecná moravská slovenština ) and Lyashsky, or Silesian ( 2ec ) .

Formed as a result of integration from Czech dialects in the 2nd half of the 18th - 19th centuries, the Central Bohemian inter-dialect subsequently gave rise to such a sub-dialectic formation as the everyday Czech language ( obecná čeština ), which has now turned into a nation-wide substandard form of the Czech language (in any case, within the region of western and central Bohemia and the Moravian regions adjacent to the Czech Republic) ^[4] - spoken Czech is the main means of communication in cities in the area distributed Owing to the Czech dialects proper, in the Moravian and Silesian cities, regional interdialects are mostly common ^[10] . The issue of the emergence of sub-dialect formations in Moravia, similar to Czech, is controversial. Researchers of the Czech language note that the integration within the Moravian dialect groups was much smaller and only regional interdialects that were not regional varieties of the common Czech language were formed on the territory of their distribution. Moravian interdialects form only a “substrate”, during the interference with which the common language from the Czech Republic spreads in Moravia ^[4] .

A special situation with the functioning of dialects is observed in the so-called newly populated areas - mainly in peripheral regions such as the Sudetenland , southwestern regions of Šumav , the vicinity of Mikulov and others, as well as in the former ethnic islands in the central regions of the Czech Republic, where German dominated until 1945 population. These areas were re-inhabited by immigrants from various regions of the Czech-speaking, and partly also Slovak-speaking territories.

For newly populated areas, a process of linguistic unification was characteristic - the interference of various dialect systems, which was most pronounced in the younger generation. In a number of places in the newly populated regions, a population has formed with numerically predominant immigrants from neighboring regions with the native Czech population, their dialects are generally preserved, and noticeable differences from maternal dialects were not formed in the resettlement ones. In some places of the newly populated regions, in particular in the northwest of the Moravian-Silesian region, speakers of different dialects settled more or less proportionally, they were characterized by the process of formation of new variants of spoken language with a strong influence of the Czech literary language ^[5] .

Czech dialects are characterized by features that distinguish them at all language levels: in phonetics , grammar , vocabulary . The main dialectic differences of the Czech language include ^[11] :

1. The presence or absence of long vowels and diphthongs ;
2. Composition of long vocalism ;
3. The number of paired soft consonants ;
4. The implementation of the phoneme v ;
5. Simplification and non-simplification of heminates;
6. Assimilation of consonants on deafness / voiced;
7. Type of sandha before vowels and sonorous ;
8. Distribution of prosthetic consonants ( ' (laryngeal attack), v and h );
9. The presence or absence of syllabic r̥ and l̥ .
10. Differentiation of hard and soft types of declension of names and pronouns ;
11. Forms of possessive adjectives ;
12. The endings of the first person present forms of the singular number of verbs ;
13. The endings of the 3rd person present forms of the plural verbs of the type prosit (“ask”), umět (“be able”);
14. Lexical composition;

The 40s of the 19th century are considered to be the beginning of the study of Czech dialects, the studies of the founder of Czech dialectology A.V.Sember , which he later published in his work Základové dialektologie československé ( 1864 ), belong to this time. In the 1860s , studies appeared on individual Czech dialects (including the work of F. Bartos Dialektologie moravská (1 - 1886 , 2 - 1895 ), containing a description of the dialects of Moravia and the Czech part of former Silesia), as well as dialectological dictionaries ( Dialektický slovník moravský ( 1906 ) F. Bartoš and others). The further development of dialectology at the end of the 19th century is marked by the appearance of various kinds of works devoted to dialect groups and individual dialects made using the comparative historical method; at the beginning of the 20th century , the linguo-geographical research method also began to spread ^[12] .

The development of a new direction in Czech dialectology is reflected in the studies of B. Gavranek . So, in his work Nářečí česká ( 1934 ), a synthetic description of Czech dialects is given. B. Havranek is developing a methodologically completely new study, using all the works on Czech dialectology available at that time, as well as his own materials. In his monograph, the traditional division of the dialects of the Czech language into actually Czech, Middle Moravian, or Ganack, Moravian-Slovak (East Moravian) and Lyash (Silesian) is given, the problems of classifying dialects, transitional phenomena, the development of inter-dialects, etc. The Czech language throughout distribution and in its individual sections is presented as a unity connected by a number of phenomena and general development trends, and at the same time differentiated by a number of distinguishing features. Much attention is paid to the problems of B. Gavranek linguogeography - in his work a large number of maps showing the boundaries of the distribution of individual dialect phenomena or their groups. After the appearance of the work of B. Gavranek at the initiative of F. Travnichek and B. Gavranek, the first attempts to systematically study dialects appear. With the study of A. Kellner of Silesian dialects in Štramberské nářečí ( 1939 ), which became a significant model for subsequent works on individual dialects, a series of monographs Moravská a slezská nářečí , organized by the Matica Moravian dialectological commission in Brno ^{[13], began} .

Among the studies devoted to individual dialectal areas, the works of Východolašská nářečí (1 - 1946 , 2 - 1949 ) by A. Kellner — studies of the dialects of the Czech-Polish transitional band in the Czechoslovak part of Tesinska Silesia , Dolská nářečí na Moravě ( 1954 ) J. Belicz - are noted transitional dialects on the southern border of the East Moravian and Middle Moravian regions, Severní pomezí moravskoslovenských nářečí ( 1964 ) J. Skulin - a description of the northern part of the East Moravian dialects, Nářečí na Břeclavsku av dolním Pomoraví ( 1966 ) of the eastern part of ераveraka comrade, Polsko-laskie pogranicze językowe na terenie Polski ( 1951 , 1953 ) K. Deyna - a description of Czech Silesian dialects on Polish territory and related Polish Silesian dialects ^[14] .

A systematic linguo-geographical description of Czech dialects begins after the Second World War. From 1947 to 1962, the first stage of collecting material for the creation of the Czech dialectological atlas was carried out. Materials were collected on the basis of questionnaires compiled by the Czech Dialectological Commission for individual dialect areas of the Czech language. The management of the collection and mapping of material on a grid including all Czech settlements was carried out by the Czech Language Institute in Prague and Brno. The new data made it possible to clarify many issues of Czech dialectology, including classification, gave an idea of ​​the current state of Czech dialects, became the basis for new works on dialectology, such as the monograph of Vorač Česká nářečí jihozápadní ( 1955 ), devoted to the southwestern dialect , study of S. Consolation Nářečí přechodného pásu česko-moravského ( 1960 ), describing dialects on the Czech-Moravian border ^[15] . The combined questionnaire Dotazník pro výzkum českých nářečí ( 1964 - 1965 ), compiled by the dialectology department of the Czech Language Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Czechoslovakia, opened a new stage in the work on the Czech dialectological atlas. For its creation, material was collected from about 400 rural settlements in the territory with the original Czech population ^[16] .

In addition to studying the dialects of the rural population of the ancestral territories, Czech dialectologists are engaged in studies of urban speech (inter-dialects), dialects of newly populated areas (the work of B. Coudela K vývoji lidového jazyka v českém pohraničí severozápadním ( 1958 ) and others). Dictionaries of dialect regions are created ( Slovník středoopavského nářečí A. Lamprecht ( 1963 ) and others). Czech dialectologists also pay attention to special issues: problems of pronunciation ( Výslovnost na Zábřežsku V. Mazlova of 1949), issues of intonation ( About hudební stránce středočeské věty S. Petříka of 1938 , Zvuková stránka souvislé řeči va 1958 ). The problems of historical dialectology are investigated (in the works of otázce původu českých nářečních oblastí S. of the Consolation of 1958, Jazykové vlivy karpatské salašnické kolonizace na Moravě A. Vashka 1967 , Z historické dialektologie opavsk . The study of Czech dialects abroad is carried out : in the work of Gwara kuczowska na tle innych gwar czeskich of K. Deina, the origin of the dialect of the Czech settlement in the Лódз Voivodeship in Poland is established, in the work About jazyce českých osad na jihu rumunského Banětu62 , 62 years and others, the dialects of Czech colonies in Banat are studied ^[17] .

Sources

• Bělič J. Nástin české dialektologie. - Praha: SPN, 1972.
• Lamprecht A., Michślkovś V. et al. (eds and comps). České nářeční texty. - Praha: SPN, 1976.
• Short D. Czech // The Slavonic Languages ​​/ Edited by Comrie B., Corbett G. - London, New York: Routledge, 1993. - P. 455-532. - ISBN 0-415-04755-2 .
• Belich J. The state and tasks of Czech dialectology // Questions of linguistics. Number 4. - M .: Nauka , 1968 .-- S. 4-13. (Retrieved October 5, 2012)
• Skorvid S. S. Czech Language // World Languages: Slavic Languages. - M. , 2005 .-- 36 p. (Retrieved October 5, 2012)

MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships . - The Czech Language. Archived December 13, 2012. (Retrieved October 5, 2012) - Czech dialects in the MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships .