German borrowing

The German language in its development went through a number of stages , at each of which the vocabulary underwent significant changes both under the influence of the outside and as a result of internal phonetic and morphological processes that turned the borrowed vocabulary into Germanized . Such a process was the second movement (or interruption) of consonants in the VI-VIII centuries. As a result of this process, part of the vocabulary borrowed from the Latin language was Germanized, and subsequent diphthongization in southern German tribal dialects completed the entry of borrowed tokens into their language.

The early contacts of the Germanic tribes led to the fact that Celtic borrowings penetrated the language of the ancient Germans (for example: German Reich , dr.-v.- German.Rîhhi , Gothic.reiki came from Celtic.rîg ; German Amt , dr.-in .- German.Ambahti , Gothic.bahti comes from Celtic- Latin.Ambactus ; etc.). Subsequent contacts with the Roman Empire, pursuing an aggressive policy towards the wild tribes of northern Europe, led to a large number of Latin borrowings. These are manifested in different layers of vocabulary: some words are related to military affairs (for example, Wall from lat. Vallum , Pfahl from pālus ), others to completely peaceful spheres of life ( Sichel from secula , Kohl from caulis ).

In the Middle Ages and in modern times, the German language develops slowly, as local dialects do not lose their positions throughout Germany. The territorial fragmentation of the state becomes a factor contributing to this. During this period, the German language goes through its middle stage . In the XV-XVIII centuries, secular literature developed, and with it the formation of literary German . The French influence on knightly poetry and court etiquette led to the infusion of a large number of French words into the language of the upper classes of German society related to military affairs, fashion and court life. The development of trade contributed to the penetration of Italian words related to finance , banking and trade .

In modern and new times , words from the English language are borrowed, which largely reflect the realities of Anglo-American society. These are words associated with new scientific and technical achievements, terminology that had no analogues in the German language, but was in demand in German society (for example, in the 19th century, during the revolutionary upheavals in Europe ). More modern vocabulary, originating from the English language, is largely related to the same topic ( high technology , business , etc.).

In the second half of the 20th century, during the existence of two opposing German-speaking states - the GDR and the FRG - such a phenomenon as the GDR language arose in the vocabulary of which the influence of the Russian language was observed (mainly Sovietism ). The opposing Bundesdeutsche still exists today.

• From the Latin language : Schule, Tafel, schreiben, Straße, Fenster, Mauer, Wall, Käse, Wein, Rettich, Kloster, Nonne, Mönch, Altar, Messe, Argument, exakt, Dynamik, Justiz, Familie, Prozeß, Appellation.
• From French : Lanze, Turnier, Abenteuer, Tanz, elegant, galant, nobel, frivol, Armee, Garnison, Nase, Tante, Onkel, Kusine, Cousin, Möbel, Republik, Demokratie, Revolution, Opposition, Klasse, Bourgeoisie.
• From English : Boot, Lotse, Koks, Export, Import, Trust, Boykott, Box, Trainer, Training, ko, Image, Killer, surfen, joggen, Computer, Internet, Thriller, Boss, Party, Steak, Doping, Smoking, Oldtimer, Single, Handy.
• From Arabic : Admiral, Alchemie, Algebra, Koran, Karaffe, Magazin, Moschee, Razzia, Risiko, Safari, Sirup, Sofa, Talisman, Tarif, Tasse, Ziffer.
• From Italian : Bank, Konto, insolvent, Netto, Brutto, Soldat, Proviant, Sonett, Oper, Konzert, Loggia, Korridor, Balkon, Pizza, Lasagne, Salat, Spaghetti, Zervelat, Gnocci, Paparazzi, Capuchino, Carpaccio, Risiko Tempo
• From Spanish : Gitarre, Zigarre, Marmelade, Macho, Adjutant, Alligator, Gala, Embargo, Moskito, Mulatte, Tango, Torero.
• From the Russian language : Matrjoschka, Babuschka, Balalaika, Ikone, Samowar, Schaschlik, Steppe, Taiga, Zobel, Trojka, Perestrojka, Glasnost, Sputnik, Kosmonaut, Mir, Datscha.
• From Japanese : Kimono, Bonze, Samurai, Harakiri, Rikscha, Tamagotchi, Ikebana, Geischa, Karate, Mikado, Suchi, Tatami, Tsunami, Mitsubishi.
• From Indian languages : Reis, Veranda, Banane, Buddha, Curry, Brille, Bungalow, Mango, Pfeffer, Dschungel, Ingwer, Shampoo.
• From Chinese : Tee, Ketchup, Taifun.
• From Native American languages : Barbecue, Mahagoni, Mais, Orkan, Tabak, Mokassin, Coca, Kokain, Kautschuk, Lama, Puma.
• From the Persian language : Bazar, Jasmin, Karawane, Magier, Mumie, Orange, Paradies, Schach, Schakal, Spinat.
• From Turkish : Derwisch, Diwan, Harem, Joghurt, Kebab, Tulpe, Döner.

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