The streets of Kazan

The layout structure of Kazan in the middle of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII centuries consisted of three main parts of the city - the Kremlin, Posad and settlements, united by radial streets. The upper terrace of the city is characterized by street tracing along the watershed lines. The Kremlin system - a trading area - a posad was characteristic of Russian cities, and this was also reflected in Kazan.

The streets of most of the settlements in the city center mainly walked along the walls of the city and intersected by radial streets going from the gates of the city.

Along the left bank of Lake Kaban is the Tatar settlement, which has the traditions of the Tatar settlements of Kazan land. The street structure of the Tatar villages is characterized by a special feature, forming an abundance of winding streets and dead ends. Houses were built with a slight indentation from the carriageway of the street, inland manor plots ^[3] .

By the middle of the 18th century, Kazan unofficially became the “capital of the Volga Region”, and the construction commission set up in St. Petersburg included Kazan in the list of 200 cities that should be built according to regular plans. This Commission was created by the Decree of Empress Catherine II “On making special plans for all cities, their structure and streets especially for each province” ^[4] .

In 1767 the architect V.I. Kaftyrev began his work in Kazan, who drew up the first regular plan of Kazan (1768). According to his projects, dozens of residential, administrative and religious buildings were built in Kazan.

In 1774, the city was occupied by Emelyan Pugachev’s troops, and the Kremlin was under siege. After the Pugachevites left, most of the city, most of all - the posad, was destroyed by fire. After the Pugachev invasion, the city was thoroughly rebuilt according to the plan previously proposed by V.I. Kaftyrev, according to which the city was planned to be expanded from west to east and from north to south in combination with a fan and rectangular planning systems. The Kremlin remained the central point, from which wide streets radially departed (Prolomnaya, Voskresenskaya, Arskaya). Another guiding line of the building, according to the plan, was Bulak and Lake Kaban. At the same time, Voznesenskaya, Moskovskaya , Ekaterininskaya streets were outlined.

Kazan’s master plans were also drawn up in 1839, 1842, 1845, and 1914, but they were based on the Kaftyrev plan of 1768, which meant not to make major changes to the central part of the city ^[5] .

By 1895, Kazan contained 176 streets and lanes, 135 of them were in the city itself, 41 in suburban settlements. Seventeen streets had a length of more than 1 verst (1066.8 m) ^[6] . In 1914, the number of streets in Kazan was approaching 270 with lanes and squares ^[7] .

In Soviet and post-Soviet times, plans for the development of the city were drawn up in 1924, 1927, 1933, 1946, 1969 and 2007.

In the prewar and war years, the industrial base was rapidly developing in Kazan, which prompted the emergence of the so-called. industrial zones and adjacent streets - Dementieva, Tekhnicheskaya, etc. Kazan became one of the cities where the construction of new industrial enterprises was banned in 1956-1959 ^[8] .

Since the 1950s, large urban areas have been built up according to standard designs, new microdistricts and large public buildings have been created. The main areas of development were the current Volga region (Victory Avenue, Sorge, etc.) and Novo-Savinovsky (Yamasheva, Ibragimova and others) ^[9] .

By 1961, Kazan numbered more than 1300 streets and lanes with a total length of about 800 km ^[10] , and in 1982 there were more than 1600 streets ^[7] .

In Soviet times, the names of the streets were assigned by decision of the Council of Ministers or by the decision of the city executive committee, after 1991 by a decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan or the city hall of Kazan.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, work has been carried out in Kazan on the arrangement of the historical part of the city, the revival of lost historical objects ^[11] .

The central streets of Kazan are Sheikman (on the territory of the Kremlin), Kremlin , Bauman , Pushkin, Tatarstan.

The longest street of Kazan is Victory Avenue (~ 9.8 km). The closest "competitor" is TETsevskaya street.

The widest street in the center of the city is Dzerzhinsky Street, due to the width of the even and odd sides of the street of the Black Lake Park, its width exceeds 125 m.

The toponymy of Kazan was formed on the basis of national, historical, geographical, Soviet and modern principles of naming streets.

The streets were named after the churches located on them (Vozdvizhenskaya, Voznesenskaya, Voskresenskaya, Petropavlovskaya and others), by medical, commercial and industrial institutions (Hospital, Gazovaya, Zavodskaya, Kuznechnaya, Gorshechnaya streets, Tulupovka, Rybnoryadskaya square, Bojnichnaya street, Pushchok).

Some of the streets were named after Russian emperors (Catherine, Nikolaev), poets and writers (Pushkinskaya, Zhukovsky, Chekhov), scientists of Kazan (Lobachevsky, Fuchsovskaya). Academic, Admiralteyskaya, Kizicheskaya streets were named according to Kazan settlements. At the final points of intercity roads - Moscow (old and new), Orenburg, Siberian tracts.

According to the special landscapes in the old Kazan there were the First, Second and Third Mountains with the same number of Gullies, as well as Nagornaya and Podluzhnaya streets. Water bodies gave the names of the Right and Left embankments of Bulak, Embankment, Chernoozerskaya, Chistoozerskaya streets.

In 1914, a new plan of Kazan was developed, on which, by the decree of the City Council, a number of streets underwent renaming, and many others got their first personal names. Renaming affected, first of all, hearing-cutting names. Koshachiy and Sobachiy lanes became Yushkov Lane and Nekrasovskaya Street, respectively, Wet - Ilyinsky, Cross-Wet - Serebryanaya, Zadnaya Kozya - Zapadnaya.

In many cases, there is a tendency to focus and systematic renaming. In addition to the streets named in the cardinal points in Kozie Sloboda, a large set of streets with the names of writers should be noted. Some literary bridges were formed in the area of ​​the Academic Sloboda: Belinsky streets (formerly the One-sided Arsk Field), Goncharovskaya (1st Soldatskaya), Dostoevsky (2nd Soldierskaya), Karamzinskaya (1st Academic), Ostrovsky ( 2nd Academic), Aksakovskaya (Cross-Academic), Turgenevskaya (Brick-factory).

Komissariatskaya street - Krylova street, Cross-Gorshechnaya - Gogol, Staro-Gorshechnaya - Leo Tolstoy, Cross of the Second and Third Mountains - Koltsovskaya.

The city governors did not forget about the doctors either: the Hospital Lane was named Pirogovsky, and Novo-Gorshechnaya Street - Vinogradovskaya (in honor of the prominent professor-therapist who lived on it). Now the latter bears the name of Butlerov, which was then assigned to a certain Unilateral Party of the 8th quarter of the 3rd part.

After the war of 1812, new heroes appeared, whom they also captured in the names of the streets - Mininskaya, Susaninskaya, as well as local industrial tycoons - Krestovnikovskaya and Krupenikovskaya. Some streets received names in honor of prominent Tatar enlighteners (Nasyrovskaya street, Mardzhansky and Khalfinsky lanes). In memory of the late founder of Tatar literature, Gabdulla Tukay, in 1913, an unnamed lane in the 5th part of the city was named Tukaevsky. Streets named after Peter the Great and his associates Menshikov, Sheremetyev, Repnin appeared in the Admiralty Sloboda, and the streets of Kurbsky, Godunovskaya, Grozny Lane appeared in Yagodnaya.

Street names by the names of geographical objects became very popular: Siberian, Ural, Perm, Vyatka, Chistopol, Kamskaya, Lenskaya, etc. In Kizicheskaya Sloboda, streets were named according to the profile of local lands (Lesnaya, Lugovaya, Polevaya, Vygonnaya).

Many streets and alleys have retained their names so far. Among them are Big and Small Reds, Kasatkina and others.

But the impressive volume of renaming after the October Revolution of 1917 transformed the whole face of Kazan's toponymy. This largely relates to the names of such streets: Uprising, Struggle, October 25th, Revolution, Krasnooktyabrskaya, Proletarskaya, Sovetskaya, Red Position.

The names were now associated with the names of the leaders of the world proletariat Marx, Engels, Lenin, leaders of the Russian and international labor movement - Ulyanov, Krupskaya, Klara Zetkin, Telman, Dimitrov, Karl Liebknecht, Bauman, Kirov, Dzerzhinsky, Lunacharsky, Semashko, heroes of the Civil and Great World War II - Blucher, Kotovsky, Parkhomenko, Dovator, Gastello, Matrosov, Zoe Kosmodemyanskoy; pioneers of space - Gagarin, Cosmonauts, Komarov, Korolev.

The formation of Soviet power in Kazan and Tataria was reflected in the streets named after Komlev, Nikolai Ershov, Adoratsky, Olkenitsky, Sheinkman, Ian Yudin, Nesmelov, Gladilov.

The cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia is reflected in the street names named after the writers Fonvizin, Griboedov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Bryusov, Mayakovsky, Bagritsky, Veresaev, Trenev, Prishvin, Bazhov, Gaidar, Shevchenko, Rustaveli, Dzhambulay, Rainis, Aini, composers Glinka, Borodin, Tchaikovsky, singer Sobinov, artists Aivazovsky, Shishkin, Levitan, Vereshchagin, Vasnetsov.

A number of streets are named after the leaders of popular uprisings Stepan Razin and Pugachev, the heroes of the 1612 war of Minin and Pozharsky, and the socio-political figures of Russia - Radishchev. It should be noted and the Decembrists, including Pestel, Bestuzhev, Ryleyev, the democrats Herzen, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky.

Streets that are named after the outstanding Kazan scientists: physicians Vishnevsky, Adamyuk, Gruzdev, Bekhterev and chemists Butlerov, Zinin, academician Arbuzov stand out especially.

The facts that the great Russian singer F.I. Chaliapin was born and spent his childhood in Kazan, and the wonderful actor V.I. Kachalov began his life in art here, are also indicated by street names.

Kazan was the capital of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which allowed the creation of the streets of Tatarstan and the TatTsIK, as well as those bearing the names of public figures, heroes of the Great Patriotic War, writers, composers, scientists: Yamashev Avenue, Mullanur Vakhitov, Narimanov, Dulat Ali, Zaini Sultan, Kamil Yakub , Musa Jalil, Gafiatullin, Kasimov Brothers, Tukaevskaya Street, Hadi Taktash, Adel Kutuya, G. Kamal, Salikh Saidashev, Kamai and others.

Many streets are named after the districts and cities of Tatarstan (Apastovskaya, Menzelinskaya, Chistopolskaya, Bersutskaya, etc.), as well as villages and towns that have entered the city limits (Ometyevskaya, Karachaevskaya, Savinovskaya). The Volga and Kazanka rivers also gave names to the streets (Volga, Bank of the Kazanka River, Kazanka Embankment). The national color is reflected in the Tatar street names: Zur Uram (Bolshaya), Tar Uram (Narrow), Ash Uram (Work), Yul Uram (Dorozhnaya), Yakty Yul (Light Way), Yashel (Zelenyaya), Yashlyar (Youth), Tynich (Calm) and others.

Street names in honor of the republics of the USSR are reflected in the names of the streets: Belorusskaya, Minskaya, Moldavskaya and others, as, however, are also the holidays founded in the USSR: March 8, May Day, May 9.

The new reality of the Soviet period gave such names as: Sovnarkomovskaya, City Council, Trade Union, Komsomolskaya, Kolkhoznaya, Sovkhoznaya, Delegatskaya, Tetsovskaya, Telecentra. The important groups of Soviet society are the names of the streets Work, Agrarian, Working youth, Student, Pioneer.

The nature of people's labor activity is reflected in the names Collective, Shock, Avant-garde, Competitions, Solidarity, Enthusiasts, Innovators. Optimistic street names are visible in the names Svetlya, Yasnaya, Vigorous, Fighting, Otradnaya, Happy, Free, Youth, Peace, Homeland , Truth, Labor.

The development of physical education in the country was reflected in the names of the streets: Sportivnaya, Stadionnaya, Gymnasium, Football, Touristic, Mountain climbers.

Professions gave names to the streets: Steam Engineers, Metalworkers, Furriers, Power Engineers, Electricians, Combineers, Blacksmiths, Fishermen's, Red Firefighter, Chemists. Flora is reflected in the names of many streets: Sadovaya, Ogorodnaya, Tselinnaya, Greenhouse, Soil, Fruit, Fruit, Berry, Flower. They gave their names to the streets and trees - Pine, Spruce, Fir, Ashen, Linden, Maple, Birch, Topolev streets, Apple Lane.

Landscape and terrain are still street naming practices. In Soviet times, the streets Stepnaya, Ozernaya, Dachnaya, Beregovaya, Ruslova, Podlesnaya, Podgornaya, Plain, Dolinnaya, Gently sloping, Elevated, Kholmovaya, Floodplain, Sloping, Lifting, Gully, Bulk, Zalivnaya, Lower.

And some streets were likened by their names to roads - Dorozhnaya, Proselochnaya, Passing. The ratio of streets by location in the city was reflected in such names as Home, Central, Local, Front, Middle, Back, Initial, End, Drive, District, Okolnaya, Outskirts, Remote, Boundary, Adjacent, Boundary.

Before the revolution, Uzenkaya Street existed, and then Broad, Spacious, Free, Direct, Figured appeared.

The socialist way of life was formed by such streets as Novobytnaya, Novinka.

The streets are named according to the seasons (Spring, Summer, Winter and two Autumn - Big and Small), and according to the calendar and its months (Calendar, February, May, September, October). Vyuzhnaya, Snezhnaya, Studenaya are associated with winter ^[7] .

The growth of the city due to the accession of nearby settlements to Kazan leads to a “doubling” of street names, which is also one of the reasons for renaming. In addition, renaming initiatives are shown and implemented in accordance with the realities of our time. In particular, in 2005, in Kazan, streets with names assigned to the communist past of Russia were given mass or historical names. So, Klara Zetkin Street was renamed to Bishbalta Street ( Russian Five Axes ). However, after some time, after mass protests of citizens, the street returned the name of Clara Zetkin ^{[12] [13] [14]} .

One of the latest innovations was the renaming of Vzletnaya Street, the name of which lost its meaning due to the transfer of the airport. The street got its new name as Albert Kamaleev Avenue in honor of the former head of the administration of the Sovetsky District ^[15] . Also in 2015, Esperanto Street was renamed to Nursultan Nazarbayev Street in honor of the Kazakh president during his lifetime.

The streets of Kazan have one of their most important functions - transport.

In 1812, Emperor Alexander I ordered all ships arriving in Kazan to carry 10-30 stones for paving streets and squares. The first was paved Rybnoryadsky Square . Until 1829, Kazan streets were paved with logs, and sidewalks were made of boards, which was fireproof. When they began to pave the streets with stone, they used the local Aksinsky stone, as well as imported. Asphalt streets began in 1878 ^[16] . Paving and asphalting allowed to slightly reduce the “dustiness” of the streets and increase driving comfort.

For a long time, street infrastructure developed gradually, in a natural way. Thus, by the 1990s, the millionth city had everything:

• 4 underground passages (at the railway station, on Arbuzova street , on Tukay square and at the intersection of Vosstaniya and Dekabristov streets )
• 3 two-level interchanges (near the RCB, on the Siberian highway above Yamashev Avenue and Ibragimov Avenue and Yamashev Avenue). Also, the denouement on Yamashev Avenue in the area of ​​Gavrilov Street was a long-term construction. Before the construction of the bypass road through the city, transit was on the M7 highway .

Preparations for the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan have given a qualitative leap to the development of streets, many have been reconstructed and expanded, and public transport flows have been redistributed. Street construction and repair affected 57 objects, the repair was carried out on an area of ​​620 thousand square meters. m., reconstruction and construction on an area of ​​550 thousand m² ^[17] . Thus, the Orenburg tract , Gorkovsky highway , Vishnevsky and Ershov streets were expanded with the construction of a two-level flyover, with access to the first stage of the Millennium bridge built in 2005. Interchange-unfinished on Yamashev Avenue in the area of ​​Gavrilov Street has been completed.

Since 2005, the city through Kazanka is connected by four main bridges:

• Kremlin (Leninsky) bridge - connects the network of streets near the Kazan Kremlin and Decembrists Street;
• Admiralteyskaya (Kirovskaya) transport dam with a road and railway bridge, this is Said-Galeeva Street - connects the Vakhitovsky and Kirovsky districts.

Both crossings were built in the 1950s.

• Yamashevsky (Compressor) bridge - connects Khusain Yamashev Avenue and Academician Arbuzov Street, built in 1977;
• Millennium Bridge - connects Vishnevsky Street and Amirkhan Avenue, built in 2 stages, in 2005 and 2007.

Large highways form peculiar rings: Small (Amirkhan, Chistopolskaya and others) and Big (Yamasheva, Pobedy avenues, etc.). The bypass road also circles Kazan from the west, north and east in a half-ring.

The holding of the Universiade in Kazan has become another component that allows redistributing the multiply increased traffic flows in the city. On the experience of preparing for the 1000th anniversary, the expansion of streets ( Nesmelova , Bolshaya Krylovka , etc.), major repairs (Butlerova, Gorky , Victory Avenue ) continued. The construction of two-level flyovers was intensified (Yamasheva - Amirkhan , Yamashev - Lenskaya, Amirkhan - Chistopolskaya , Victory Avenue - Sakharova, Victory Avenue - Sorge, Tikhomirnova - Vishnevsky , at the Tank Ring)

One of the laborious moments is the reconstruction of the Kremlin bridge, where a second level for traffic will also be built ^[18] .

• List of publications on the streets of Kazan
• Kazan plan with street names and house numbers on Yandex maps
• Kazan master plan

• “The streets of Kazan are named after them”, Kazan, Tatar Book Publishing House, 1977.
• Amirov K. “Kazan: Where is this street, where is this house”, Kazan, 1995.