Hangul reform in the DPRK is a written reform carried out in North Korea in 1948-1954 . Five consonants and one vowel were added to the set of hangeul letters; the order of their sequence has been changed [1] . The goal was to make the letter even more morphophonemic [2] . The initiator of the reform was the influential linguist Kim Doo-bong .
Hangul Reform in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea | |||||||||
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| Korea | |||||||||
| Hangul : | 조선어 신 철자법 | ||||||||
| Hancha : | 朝鮮語 新 綴 字 法 | ||||||||
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놉 니다 흘렀다 깨달으 니 지어 고와 왕가 져서
The reason for introducing the changes was the desire to show the changes that occur with the consonants when the verbs are conjugated: the new letters did not mean separate sounds, but changes in sounds (n → c). Two letters were revived (ㅿ and ㆆ), one with the number (1), and the rest were invented.
Example: the root of the verb “walk” - 걷 (cat-); the main form is 걷다 (kot-ta), however, before the vowel sound, the last consonant changes to “r / l”: 걸 (kol-) - 걸어 (koro), 걸 으니 (wormwood). In the new spelling, the root has not changed: 
→ 다 (cotta), 어 (koro).
Example: the verb “cure, heal”: before the consonant it has the form 낫 (us-), as in 낫다 (natta), but before the vowels it has the form 나 (на): 나아 (наа). Sometimes before the consonant ending the letter “s” is inserted: 나을 (nyl). In the new spelling, the root in any case is written as 
, and the insert suffix is omitted: 다 (nada) instead of 낫다 (natta), ᄅ (nal) instead of 나을 (nal), 아 (naa) instead of 나아 (naa).
| Letter | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| before the vowel | before consonant | |
 | / l / | not |
 | / nn / | / l / |
| ㅿ | / l / | / t / |
| ㆆ | not | / ͈ / 1 |
 | / w / 2 | / p / |
 | / j / 3 | / i / |
- makes the next consonant tense, like ㅅ;
- in standard spelling it is connected with a vowel in the same way as ㅘ, ㅙ, ㅚ, ㅝ, ㅞ, ㅟ;
- in standard spelling it is connected to the next vowel as ㅑ, ㅒ, ㅕ, ㅖ, ㅛ, ㅠ.
The names of the new letters were created on the same principle as before: sound + si + sound , in addition, they were also called 여린 리을 (yorninyl), 된 리을 (twinniel), 반시 읏 (pansyit), 여린 히읗 (yorinhyit), 위읍 (viip) and 여린 이 (yorini).
In addition, digraphs ㅭ lʔ and ᇬ ŋk were introduced.
Spelling has become more morphemic, for example, in the word 놉 니다 (see the example in the illustration), the politeness indicator ㅂ is separated into its own block.
The attributive morpheme of adjectives ㄴ (n) was also placed in its own block, the morpheme ㅎ (x) did not drop out:
- 하얗다 (hayata; letter by letter: “hayakhta”, “to be white”); 하얗 ㄴ (hayan; letter by letter: "hayahn", white); standard spelling 하얀 (hayan).
- 좋다 (choda; letter by letter: “chohta”, “be good”), 좋 ㄴ (chohyn; letter by letter: “chohn”), standard spelling 좋은 (chohyn).
After the repression of Kim Dong Bong in 1957, reform was curtailed; Newspapers published several notes condemning the reform. People who praised the reform in 1949 , in particular, friend Kim Dong-bong and Yi Kung No, were forced to criticize her [2] . As a result, the only publication in which the new spelling was used was the book "Grammar of the Korean language" of 1949 [2] .
Notes
- ↑ Kaplan & Baldauf. Language and language-in-education planning in the Pacific Basin . - Springer, 2003 .-- S. 39-40. - 288 p.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ross King, David R. McCann. Language, Politics and Ideology in the Post-War Koreas . - Asia Society, 1997. - S. 123-124.
Literature
- 연구부 (1950) '새 자모 , , ㅿ, ㆆ, , 에 대하여 ', “조선어 연구” 제 2 권 제 2 호, 조선 어문 연구회 (고영근 편 “조선어 연구 3”, 역락 출판사, 2001 의 영인 에 의거 함. ISBN 89-5556-104-0 )