Cross-river languages (also cross-river languages , deltacross languages ) - language branch of the Benue-Congolese family . The distribution area is the southeastern regions of Nigeria (the coast of the Biafra Gulf and the Cross River basin, the states of Cross River , Aqua Ibom , Abia , Rivers and Bayelsa ) and the areas of Cameroon bordering Nigeria. Includes about 70 languages [1] [2] [3] . The cross-river branch is one of the few linguistic associations of the Niger-Congolese macro-family , the classification of which has not been substantially revised to date. The total number of speakers is about 6 million people (estimated at the beginning of the 2000s).
| Cross River Languages | |
|---|---|
| Taxon | branching |
| Status | universally recognized |
| Area | Nigeria , Cameroon |
| Number of carriers | 6 million people |
| Classification | |
| Category | African languages |
Nigerian-Congolese macro-family
| |
| Structure | |
| branches of bendy , Verkhnekrosskaya , Nizhnekrosskaya , kegboidnaya (ogony) and central delta | |
| Language group codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-5 | - |
Content
- 1 About the title
- 2 Classification
- 3 notes
- 4 References
About the title
The original name of the genetic association of languages in question, highlighted by J. Greenberg , was "cross-river languages" (named after the Cross River). After it was found that some of the cross-river languages, called bendi , are significantly different from the main language array, the cross-river branch was divided into the branch of bendi languages and the deltacross branch. Subsequently, some African language researchers removed Bendi languages from the cross-river branching, establishing a greater closeness of Bendi languages with a bantoid branching . In this version of the classification, the terms “cross-river languages” and “deltacross languages” are synonyms.
Classification
Cross-river branching of languages includes 5 branches [2] [3] :
- central delta branch (9 languages): Abua, Dual, Cugbo, Abureni, Obul, Ochichi, Ogbia, Ogbogolo, Ogbronuagum;
- kegboid branch (fire) (5 languages): gokana , kana (khana) , tee, baan, eleme;
- Verkhnekros branch (22 languages): agoi, bugpinka, doko-uyanga, ukpet-echo, olulumo-ik, lokaa, lubila, nkukoli, lightboat, lenima, leiigha, mbemba, oring, kukele, uzbekwe, agwagwuna, kohumonohara umon, , kiong, korop, puffed;
- Lower Cross branch (23 languages): ebughu, efay, anang, efik, ibibio , ukva, ekit, etebi, envan, uda, ibino, ibuoro, ito, itu mbon ouzo, nkari, iko, ilyue, okobo, oro, usaghade, eki , idere, obolo;
- bendi branch (9 languages): aleg, bequarra, beta-bendi, bokey, paper, obanika, ubang, ukpe-baiobiri, utuguang-irungene-africa.
In the classification published on the website of the Ethnologue World Languages Directory, the languages of all branches of the cross-river branch are combined into the deltacross branch, which is opposed to the branch of the Bendi languages [3] .
In the database of world languages , bendy languages are included in the bantoid branch , and the cross-river branch is designated as “deltacross” [4] [5] . Also, the branch of bendy languages is not included in the cross-river branch in the classification of the British linguist R. Blench [6] .
Notes
- ↑ Vinogradov V.A. Benue-Congolese Languages // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Editor-in-chief V.N.Yartseva . - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia , 1990 .-- 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2 . (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 Benue-Congolese Languages / V. Vinogradov // “Banquet Campaign” 1904 - Big Irgiz. - M .: Big Russian Encyclopedia, 2005. - ( Big Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 vols.] / Ch. Ed. Yu. S. Osipov ; 2004—2017, vol. 3). - ISBN 5-85270-331-1 . (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- ↑ 1 2 3 Simons GF, Fennig CD: Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. Volta-Congo. Benue-Congo. Cross River Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th Edition) . Dallas: SIL International (2017). Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- ↑ Hammarström H., Forkel R., Haspelmath M. , Bank S .: Subfamily: Delta Cross . . Jena: (2016). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- ↑ Hammarström H., Forkel R., Haspelmath M. , Bank S .: Subfamily: Bendic . . Jena: (2016). Archived on October 30, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- ↑ Blench R. An Atlas of Nigerian Languages. 3rd Edition ( pdf) P. 98-99. Cambridge: Roger Blench Website. Publications (2012). Archived on November 28, 2016. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
Links
- Cross River (html). MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships (2009). Archived October 31, 2017. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- Articles on Cross River Languages (html). Journal of West African Languages. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)
- Blench R. Cross River materials . Roger Blench Website. Publications. (Retrieved October 31, 2017)