Gabdrakhim Utyz-Imenni al Bulgari (present name is Gabdrahim Usman [3] ; Bashk. Ғәbderәhim әl-Bolғari , Tat. Gabderkhim Gosman ugly Utyz-Imәni әl-Bulgaria [1] ; 1752 - 1836 [4] ) - Tatar [5] ] [6] [7] [8] and the Bashkir [3] poet, scientist, religious leader and enlightener. In the Islamic world, he is also known as a scientist who restored the lost fragments of the ancient Quran (the so-called Quran of Osman ), which, according to legend, belonged to the third jurisprudent Caliph Usman ibn Affan [9] .
| Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni al Bulgari [1] | |
|---|---|
| head off. Ғәbderәhim әl-Bolғari ibn Ғosman tat. Gabderәhim Gosman ugly Utyz Imәni әl-Bulgaria [1] | |
| Date of Birth | 1754 |
| Place of Birth | Utyz Imyan village (Novoe Kadeevo [2] ) of the Chistopol district of the Kazan province (now the Cheremshansky district of the Republic of Tatarstan ) |
| Date of death | 1834 |
| Place of death | a) Old Timyashevo , now Leninogorsk district , Republic of Tatarstan ; b) the village of Mryasovo of the Sterlitamak district of the Orenburg province , now Davlekanovsky district of Bashkortostan |
| A country | |
| Scientific field | philosophy , theology |
Naming
The full name that Riza Fakhretdin cites in her Asar work is Gabrahim ibn Usman ibn Sarmaki ibn Crimea . [10] However, he considers himself as Gabdrahim ibn Usman al-Bulgari , this name is most often found in his manuscripts [11] . Tahallus Utyz Imeni points to the locality where the poet was born.
Biography
Biographical information is contradictory. So, G. Gaziz , K. Nasyri , G. Rakhim , G. Sagdi expressed the opinion that Gabdrahim Utyz Nameni was born in 1730, and died in 1815 (1816). According to the modern traditional [12] version, Gabdrahim was born in 1754.
His father, Usman, died before his birth, and Gafif's mother was forced to return to her native village of Utyz-Imyan, where Gabdrahim was born. When Gabdrahim was two or three years old, his mother dies. The boy is brought up by relatives, begins to study early in the aul madrassah at Mullah Vildan. Gabdrahim is very successful in teaching and becomes a teacher of madrassas himself. Not stopping there, he seeks to gain knowledge in other neighboring villages, and then leaves for the Tatarskaya Kargala village of the Orenburg province , where at that time the largest complex of Muslim educational institutions in the Southern Urals was formed. Here he studies in a madrasah at the 3rd cathedral mosque under Walid ibn Muhammad al-Amin (Valida ibn Muhammedamin al-Qaibichi avaepreae al-Kargali). Walid-ishan was a sheikh of the Sufi brotherhood of Naqshbandiya-Mujaddidiya, who received the initiation from Sheikh Faizkhan Ibn Khozirkhan. Among his famous students Abdulldzhabbar ibn Abdurrahman al-Taysugani Ahmed bin Hassan al-whale, Gubaydulla ibn Djagfar al-Kizlevi, Djagfar ibn Imai al-Bikmetov, Kutluahmed ibn Zahid al-Dusmatov, Magaz ibn Bikmuhammed al-Karaman, Nigmatulla ibn Guumar al - Utari.
Describing his life, Utyz-Imenni writes that he had a lot about friends, he had wealth, he was respected, he listened to his opinion. However, in 1785
He was arrested for some time for promoting Shiite ideology and calls to raise a weapon against the Gentiles [13] . The desire to increase their knowledge, and possibly also persecution, led to the fact that after the end of the madrasah in 1788, Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni left with his family in Bukhara , which at that time was an important center of traditional Islamic education, attractive to Muslims of the Volga and Urals. Here he continues to get acquainted with the Sufi teachings, becoming a student of Faizhan al-Kabuli. The students of Sheikh Faizkhan not only underwent training, but also served as clerics, so Gabdrahim serves in the Bukhara mosque Magok-i Attar. Here in Bukhara, Gabdrahim is also engaged in the restoration of the ancient Koran, which, according to legend, belonged to the third juridical caliph Usman ibn Affan .
After Bukhara, the period of wanderings in Western and Eastern Turkestan begins. Gabdrahim attends and gives lessons at the madrassas of cities such as Akcha, Tufi, Samarkand , Mazars, Shahimardan . In 1796 he visited Afghanistan - the cities of Balkh , Herat , Kabul .
In 1798, the wife of Hamid dies in the town of Kauyrmach near Gabdrahim. After her death, he decides to return home with his children. In 1799, Gabdrahim returned to Bukhara, and then sent to his native land. On his way to his homeland, he stops in the village of Mryasovo in the family of Lukman Usmanovich Ibragimov. R. Fakhretdin writes that Gabdrahim became an adopted son for Lukman Ibragimov, instead of his missing son. A.Z. Asfandiyarov clarifies this information, noting that the audit documents show that Lukman Ibragimov did not have a son named Abdrakhim, but he was a brother, who was already dead by then. Therefore, Luckman could not adopt Gabdrahim, but could only recognize him as his brother. With the consent of Lukman Ibragimov, Gabdrahim is registered in state notebooks as Bashkirs - this fact is confirmed by the materials of the revisions of 1811, 1816 and 1834. Commenting on this fact, R. Fakhretdin writes that Gabdrahim, being a mishar by birth, went to another world as a real Bashkir. A.N. Yuzeev, suggests that registration as a Bashkir was needed by Gabdrakhim in order to facilitate the life of his children, since having received the status of Bashkirs, they could qualify for land allotments [14] . As R. Fakhretdin points out, four of his five sons settled here. [15]
Gabdyrahim Utyz Imeni from Miachev arrives with his son Akhmetzyan [16] in his mother’s native village - Utyz Imyan, but he doesn’t manage to settle there - they refuse him, indicating that his father is from another village. He has to move to his distant relatives in the village of Kara Chishma. Here Gabdrahim lived for one year, and then moved to the village of Islyai [17] . Here he teaches at the local madrassah, but again does not stay long - after a year he moves to the village of Sarabikkol [18] . Gabdrahim has been teaching at the madrasah of this village for three years, and it is here that he has a large number of followers. Then Gabdrahim moved to the village of Kuakbash [19] , where in 1822-1823 he founded his own madrassah and began training shakird. In the end, he managed to return to his father’s native village, Timyashevo, where he settled in a small house with a plot, which he may have inherited. Here he continues his teaching and literary activities until his death in 1834. Marjani, gives a slightly different date of death - 1835. The grave of Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni with a tombstone has been preserved in the cemetery of the village of Timyashevo, Leninogorsk district. It is an object of cultural heritage of republican significance [20] . In 1994, in connection with the 240th anniversary of his birth, a mausoleum was erected on his grave.
According to another version, Gabdrahim was born in 1752. Information about the initial period of life does not differ from the first version. But according to this version, Gabdrahim and his sons remain to live in the village of Mryasovo . For some time, Gabdrahim gave lessons at the Sterlibashevsky madrasah , used his library. However, mainly Gabdrahim lived an ordinary peasant life, was neither a mullah nor a teacher, although he had the opportunity for active creative work. According to this version, he died in 1836 at the age of 84.
Scientific and creative activities
About 60 works by Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni have been preserved, of which more than half relate to poetry, while others are scientific works on linguistics, philosophy and theology. Gabdrahim Usman enriched Bashkir poetry with such genres as gazelle , Hikmet, Marcia, Bait [3] . Compiled dictionaries-comments on the book of Muhammadi Ghazali “Ihya el-golumad ad-din” (“Resurrection of the sciences of faith”), the textbook “Jami ar-rumuz” (“Collection of signs”) and others.
Gabdrahim's poetic works are grouped together in the collections Gavarif ez-zaman (Educated People of the Epoch), Ebayat Türkifi Fazilati Ghilem (Turkic Bait on the Merits of Knowledge), Tanzih al-afkar fi nasihat al-ahyar (“ Edification, cleansing thought ") and others. In his works, Gabdrahim Usman condemns the rich, crafty mullahs, greedy ishans. Especially vivid are the notes of protest in one of his muñazhat, in which social evil is shown in the images of a corrupt cadius, a cunning city leader, a mufti-spying and cruel sultan. This muñazhat became popular and widespread among the Bashkirs, and folklorist and musicologist S. G. Rybakov included it in his book “Bashkir munajat” [21] .
- Knowledge opens the right path for us
- Knowledge will turn the desert into a garden ...
- In the beginning is knowledge, from it fulfillment,
- A man without knowledge is doomed to wander ...
- Knowledge will turn the desert into a garden ...
Part of the works of Utyz Nameni was published in the late XIX - early XX century. Among them is “Tuhfat al-ahbab fi tajdvid kalami ar-Rabb” (“A gift to the beloved about the correct reading of the book of the Lord”), 1900, in Arabic ; “Risala-i Irshadiya” (“A tract of instructions”), 1910, in Arabic and translated into Old Tatar by Imam al-Barak Tahir ibn Shahahmad; “Risala-i muhimma” (“A Treatise on the Important”), 1877, written in the Old Tatar language . However, many of his works were long known only in manuscripts copied by his students, or possibly written by himself, and became available to the reader only after publication at the end of the XX - XXI centuries. These are the Arabic-language writings of G. Utyz-Imenni of a theological and legal nature: “Risala-i-ad-Dibaga” (“Treatise on Dressing of Skins”); “Jawahir al-bayan” (“Pearls of clarification”); “Inkaz al-Khalikin” (“Salvation of the perishing”); "Risala-i shafakiya" ("Treatise on the Sunset"); “Zamm shurb ash-shai” (“Reprimand of the tea party”); “Saif as-sarim” (“Sharp sword”). All of the above treatises were written in Arabic, some of them contain citations from sources in the Persian language used by Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni.
He created scientific works in Arabic and Persian , but most of them were written in the literary Turkic language .
Regarding poetic works, the editor of the academic publication Utyz Imenni Mirkasy Usmanov noted that he wrote poetry in the Old Tatar language . At the same time, in the language of works in large numbers there are elements of the Old Uzbek language , and in the vocabulary there are interspersed Misharisms and Russian borrowings. [one]
The manuscripts of Gabdrahim Usman are kept in the manuscript and textology department of the Institute of Law and Politics of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan and in the ORRC of the NB KSU [22] , the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences , and the Akhmet-Zaki Validi National Library .
The situation with the Gaisky interdistrict prosecutor's office
In 2011, the Guy interdistrict prosecutor's office (the city of Guy , Orenburg Oblast) demanded that the essay “Pearls of Clarifications” be recognized as extremist. [23] [24] [25] . On March 9, 2011, the Gaisky City Court of the Orenburg Region left the prosecutor’s statement without consideration.
Publications
- Gabderәhim Utyz-Imәni әl Bulgaria. Shigyrlәr, poemalar. Kazan, 1986.
- Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni al-Bulgari. Favorites. Kazan, 2007.
- Poetry of the peoples of the USSR IV — XVIII centuries. Library of World Literature. The first series. t. 55, -M.: Fiction, 1972. Translation by V. Zhuravlev
Literature
- Abdullin Ya. G. Tatar enlightening thought [Text] / Ya. G. Abdullin. - Kazan: Tat. Prince Publishing House, 1976. - 320 p.
- Gabdrahim Usman.// History of the literature of the Urals. The end of the XIV — XVIII centuries / Ch. ed. V.V. Blazhes, E.K. Sozina. M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2012. 608 p. - S.113-115.
- Fәberderkhim Usman // Bashҡort әҙәbiәte tarihi, 6 tomda. 1st volume. Өfө, 1990.
- Islam and Muslim culture in the Middle Volga region: history and modernity. Essays. - Kazan: Master Line, 2002. / G. Idiyatullina. Spiritual and religious atmosphere in the Volga region in the XVII-XVIII centuries.
- Kemper M. Gabderahim al-Bulgari al-Utyz-Imani // Islam in the territory of the former Russian Empire. Vol. 2. - M., 1999.
- Brief literary encyclopedia: In 9 vols. - M.: Sov. Encycl., 1962-1978.
- Kharisov A.I. Literary heritage of the Bashkir people. - Ufa: Bashkir book publishing house, 1973.
- Hөsәyenov Ғ. B. Utyҙ Imәni - Ғәbdrhim Usman. // " Watandash ", 1997, No. 12.
- Khusainov G. B. Gabdrahim Usman. // Bashkortostan: a brief encyclopedia. - Ufa: Scientific publishing house " Bashkir Encyclopedia ", 1996. - 672 p. - S. 218.
- Kunafin G. S. Culture of Bashkortostan and Bashkir literature XIX - beg. XX centuries .-- Ufa, 2006.
- Encyclopedic Literary Dictionary / M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987.
- Khusainov G. B. Bashkir literature of the XI — XVIII centuries. Ufa: Guillemot, 1996.
- Khusainov G. B. Usman Gabdrahim al-Bulgari. // Bashkir Encyclopedia. - Ufa: Scientific publishing house " Bashkir Encyclopedia ".
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 M. Usmanov . Gabderәhim Utyz Imәni әl-Bulgaria: chor, iҗat һәm miras // Gabderәhim Utyz-Imәni әl Bulgaria. Shigyrlәr, poemalar. Kazan, 1986.
- ↑ Khusainov G. B. Usman Gabdrahim al-Bulgari. // Bashkir Encyclopedia. - Ufa: Scientific publishing house " Bashkir Encyclopedia ".
- ↑ 1 2 3 Khusainov G. B. Gabdrahim Usman. // Bashkortostan: a brief encyclopedia. - Ufa: Scientific publishing house " Bashkir Encyclopedia ", 1996. - 672 p. - S. 218.
- ↑ according to other sources 1754 - 1834
- ↑ Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary / M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987.
- ↑ Brief literary encyclopedia: In 9 vol. - M.: Sov. Encycl., 1962-1978.
- ↑ Kharisov A.I. Literary heritage of the Bashkir people. - Ufa: Bashkir book publishing house, 1973. - p. 223
- ↑ Abdullin Ya. G. Tatar enlightening thought [Text] / Ya. G. Abdullin. - Kazan: Tat. Prince Publishing House, 1976. - 320 p.
- ↑ The spiritual life of the Muslims of the Volga and Urals in the 70s. XVIII — XIX centuries (inaccessible link)
- ↑ Rizaetdin Fәkhretdin: Fanny-biographer ентыyentyk = Rizaetdin Fakhretdinov: Scientific and biographical collection / Төз. Raif Mәrdanov, Ramil Miңnullin, Sөlәyman Rәkhimov. - Kazan: Ruhiyat, 1999 .-- 224 b.
- ↑ Gabdrahim Usman.// History of the literature of the Urals. The end of the XIV — XVIII centuries / Ch. ed. V.V. Blazhes, E.K. Sozina. M .: Languages of Slavic culture, 2012. 608 p. - S.113-115
- ↑ On the date of 1754, BSE, LES, KLE, as well as the famous researcher of archival materials of Bashkortostan A.Z. Asfandiyarov, rely.
- ↑ Gainutdinov M.V. connects the Utyz of the Name with a denunciation to Mullah Gabdrahim from one of the villages near Iletsk. Mullah trained his Shakird in archery, using stuffed Russian soldiers as targets.
- ↑ Yuzeev A.N. Philosophical thought of the Tatar people. - Kazan: Tatars. Prince Publishing House, 2007, p. 61.
- ↑ See: Rizaetdin Fәkhretdin: Fanni-biographer ентыyentyk = Rizaetdin Fakhretdinov: Scientific and biographical collection / Төз. Raif Mәrdanov, Ramil Miңnullin, Sөlәyman Rәkhimov. - Kazan: Ruhiyat, 1999 .-- 224 b.
- ↑ Akhmetzyan ibn Gabderahim al-Bulgari (c. 1800 - July 1848). See Art. about him in the Tatar Encyclopedia: Әхмәтҗан бене Gabderәham әl-Bulgaria
- ↑ Now with. Islyaykino Chistopol district of the Republic of Tatarstan
- ↑ Now the village of Sarabikulovo of the Leninogorsk region of the Republic of Tatarstan
- ↑ Now the village of Kuakbash of the Leninogorsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan
- ↑ Collection of historical and cultural monuments of the Republic of Tatarstan. - T.I. - Administrative areas. - Kazan: Publishing House "Master Line, 1999, S.253; Republic of Tatarstan: historical and cultural monuments. Directory-directory. Kazan: Publishing House" Eidos ", 1993, S.347.
- ↑ History of the Bashkir people. T. III./ Ch. ed. M.M. Kulsharipov ; Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - Ufa: Gilem, 2011 .-- 476 p. - S. 423.
- ↑ Gabdrahim Utyz-Imenni al-Bulgari. Favorites. - Comp. and per. with arab. R. Adygamova - Kazan: Tatars. Prince Publishing House, 2007 .-- 320 p.
- ↑ we are talking about the book of Abd ar-Rahim Utyz Imenni, "Pearls of clarification. Javahir Al-Bayan. Kazan: Iman Publishing House, 2003
- ↑ Prosecutor's office of the Orenburg region
- ↑ The prosecutor's office read a memorial prayer