Marmara sea ( tour. Marmara Denizi from the name of the island of Marmara , where large-scale development of white marble was carried out; dr. Greek Προποντίς - "Propontida"; from πρ «-" in front of "+ πόντος -" sea ":letters. “Seaside” [1] ) - the Mediterranean Sea of the Atlantic Ocean , located between the European and Asia Minor parts of Turkey . In the northeast it connects with the Bosphorus Strait to the Black Sea , in the southwest - the Dardanelles Strait with the Aegean Sea . The sea is stretched in the latitudinal direction; its length is 280 km, the greatest width is 80 km. Area 11 472 km². The average volume of water is 4 thousand km³, depth up to 1355 m.
| Sea of Marmara | |
|---|---|
 Map of the Sea of Marmara | |
| Specifications | |
| Square | 11,472 km² |
| Volume | 4000 km³ |
| Coastline | 720 km |
| Deepest | 1355 m |
| Average depth | 677 m |
| Location | |
| Ocean | Atlantic Ocean |
Content
History, study
The origin of the Sea of Marmara is associated with large faults of the earth's crust that divided the continents of Europe , Asia and Africa . The first description of the sea was carried out in 1845-48 by the captain-lieutenant of the Russian fleet M.P. Manganari . Significant hydrological and biological studies of the Sea of Marmara were conducted at the end of the 19th century by Russian scientists S.O. Makarov and I. B. Spindler (under his leadership a special expedition was carried out in 1890-1891, equipped by the Russian Geographical Society and the Imperial Academy of Sciences ).
Geography
The shores are predominantly mountainous, in the south and east are strongly dissected ( Izmitsky , Gemliksky, and others). The largest islands are Marmara , Princes , off the northern coast there are underwater reefs. The small rivers Granik , Susurluk and others flow into the sea (almost all from the Asian coast).
Turkey plans by 2023 to build a shipping canal of Istanbul 150 meters wide, which will connect the Marmara and Black Seas, 45 km west of the Bosphorus Strait, [2] . It is planned that the bulk of oil- carrying tankers will pass through it [3] . The Istanbul Channel will connect the Black and Marmara Seas through Lake [4] .
Hydrology
The sea does not freeze; in winter, the surface water temperature is 9 ° C, in summer up to 29 ° C. The hydrology of the sea is characterized by the exchange of waters of the Black and Aegean seas through the straits. Salinity on the surface is up to 26 ‰, which is much more than in the Black Sea, but much less than in the oceans. At the same time, the salinity of the bottom water is much higher - up to 38 ‰, which is comparable to the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea .
Flora and Fauna
The flora and fauna of the Sea of Marmara has a species composition related to the Mediterranean [5] .
Economic Use
Fisheries ( mackerel , etc.) are developed. Important shipping lanes from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea pass through the Sea of Marmara. In December 1999, as a result of a storm in the Sea of Marmara near Istanbul , the Russian tanker Volgoneft-248 sank, resulting in a significant amount of oil products falling into the sea [6] .
The coast of the sea has been densely populated since ancient times; in the northeast, near the Bosphorus Strait, the city of Istanbul is located. On the shore are numerous resorts ( Erdek , Moudania , etc.).
See also
- Black Sea straits
Notes
- ↑ Propontis // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Istanbul Channel: Turks bypass Russia from the flank
- ↑ Oil will be transported through the Istanbul Canal
- ↑ Istanbul Island. New Bosphorus - Erdogan's national project for “new Turkey”
- ↑ Sea of Marmara // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- ↑ Volgoneft 248 tanker sank in the Sea of Marmara, resulting in a spill of oil products. / Turkey: Nature / Travel.Ru
Literature
- Makarov S. O. On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas - St. Petersburg. 1885
- Spindler I. B. Sea of Marmara // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- Spindler I. B. Materials on the hydrology of the Sea of Marmara, collected in the expedition of 1894 on the Turkish steamboat "Selyanik" - St. Petersburg, 1896
- Sea of Marmara // Military Encyclopedia : [in 18 vol.] / Ed. V.F. Novitsky [et al.]. - SPb. ; [ M. ]: Type. t-va I. D. Sytin , 1911-1915.