During the Second World War, the genocide of Serbs , Jews and Gypsies , as well as the persecution and discrimination of the aforementioned peoples were carried out in the occupied Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The main organizers of the genocide were the fascist Ustash regime in the Independent State of Croatia (NGH) and the German occupation administration [1] .
The exact number of victims is still unknown. According to various estimates, it was as a result of genocide that died from 197,000 [2] to 800,000 Serbs [3] . About 240,000 Serbs were forcibly converted to Catholicism, another 400,000 were forced to flee to Serbia [3] . Of the 30,000 Croatian Jews exterminated during the war, 23,000 died in the camps of the NHC, another 7,000 were deported and died in Auschwitz [4] . Among the dead are Jews who were taken from the territory of Serbia to the NHC camps. The death toll of Roma was about 80,000. [5] In addition to them, anti-fascists and opponents of the regime from among other peoples living in the NHC were also found in the concentration camps.
Ustashi pursued a differentiated policy towards nations declared enemies. The difference in attitude towards the Serbs and Jews was the desire of the Jews to completely destroy, and the Serbs to destroy a third, a third to catholicize , a third to expel to Serbia [6] . Thus, the Ustashi planned to make their state completely mono-ethnic .
A significant part of the victims of the genocide died or suffered in the numerous concentration camps created by the Croatian Ustash. Immediately after the proclamation of a new state, the Ustashi began to create two types of camps: deportation and concentration camps. The first people were sent for subsequent deportation to Serbia, etc. Such camps were located in Tsapraga near Sisak , Bjelovar and Slavonska Požeg . The latter became the site of massacres and a symbol of terror by the Ustashi.
In April-May 1941, the first concentration camps began to be created in the State Oil Museum. They were legalized on November 23 of the same year under the name "Internment and Work Camps" by a special decree of Pavelich and Artukovich [7] . The camps were scattered throughout the territories controlled by the Ustashi. Of these, only 2 survived until the end of the war - in Jasenovac and Stara Gradiska [7] . Their management was assigned to the Ustash Supervisory Service . Millo Babic became the first camp manager, but in June 1941 he was killed by Serb partisans. He was replaced by the new Ustash functionary Vekoslav Lyuburich, who remained in his post until the end of the war.
Content
Legend
The list shows the concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia. They are arranged in alphabetical order.
Table:
- Name - the name of the concentration camp in Russian;
- Total number of prisoners - the number of people who were prisoners in the camp during its existence;
- The period of existence is the time period when the concentration camp functioned;
- Brief explanation - a brief description of the concentration camp;
- Photo - photo of a camp or a monument dedicated to its victims;
Sorting can be done on the first four columns of the table.
List of concentration camps
| Title | Total number of prisoners | Period of existence | Brief explanation | A photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danica | 9000 [8] | April − July 1941 | The first Ustash camp, created due to the overflow of ordinary prisons. For nutrition, prisoners were given 0.5 kg of bread per day for each group of fourteen people. Some of the prisoners were destroyed, the rest were sent to other camps [8] . | |
| Dzhakovo | Over 2400 [9] | December 1941 - July 1942 | Initially, 1830 Jewish women and children were imprisoned in Djakovo [10] . Typhoid epidemics raged in the camp, many prisoners were raped, tortured and bullied. In July 1942, the camp was closed, and 2,400 women and children were sent to Jasenovac [9] . | |
| Kerestinets | 111 [11] | May 18 - July 16 1941 | It was created in the castle twenty-five kilometers from Zagreb. Representatives of the intelligentsia and famous people from the capital of the National Palace of Culture were brought there. On July 8, the liquidation of prisoners began. During the liberation attempt undertaken by the partisans on the night of July 13-14, 14 prisoners managed to escape, all the rest were shot. July 16, the camp was closed [12] . | |
| Krushchitsa | 3000 [13] | June − September 1941 | Krušczyca camp was specially created to accommodate approximately a thousand Jewish and Serbian women and children from the camp on the island of Pag. They lived in barracks without roofs and were constantly raped by Ustashi overseers. When the number of prisoners increased to 3,000, they were distributed between the Lobograd and Jasenovac camps [9] [13] . | |
| Camp on the island of Pag | From 8,000 [14] to 10,000 [15] | June − August 1941 | Initially, Jews from Zagreb were sent to the camp, but then thousands of Serbs became his prisoners. The victims of the camp were several thousand people, the survivors were sent to the camps of Yadovno and Jasenovac. The Italians who occupied the island left a lot of evidence about the results of the camp [12] . | |
| Lepoglava | 4,952 [16] | 1941−1945 | The camp contained anti-fascists from all over the country. On July 13 and 14, 1943, partisans of the 12th Slavonic Brigade and Kalnichsky detachment were able to free about 800 prisoners during the battle for legier. After that, the Ustashi restored the camp, which operated until the end of the war. In February and March 1945, massacres of prisoners took place in it. | |
| Loborgrad | From 1500 [17] to 1600 [13] | September 1941 - October 1942 | Loborgrad camp was set up in an old castle. A part of the prisoners of the Kruschitsa camp were placed there, including about 100 children. Typhoid epidemic raged in Loborgrad, which killed many prisoners. Some of the survivors in October 1942 were sent to work in Germany, and the rest to the Auschwitz concentration camp , from where none of them returned. [17] | |
| Saimiste | Over 100,000 prisoners | 1941−1944 | Most of the prisoners in the camp were Serbs, Gypsies and Jews. Many of them died as a result of mass shootings and the use of gas cars [18] . In total, about 47,000 people were killed in the camp. | |
| Stara Gradiska | 75,000 [19] | 1941−1945 | It was created specifically for women and children [10] [20] . In Stara Gradishka, a group of Catholic nuns-jailers served to help Ustash overseers [10] . The partisans liberated the camp in April 1945. When they occupied him, they found in him only three men and three women who survived due to the fact that they hid in a well [10] . | |
| Venomously | 38,010 Serbs, 1999 Jews, 88 Croats [21] | April − August 1941 | One of the camps of the complex Gospich-Yadnovno-Pag. It was closed in August 1941 thanks to the efforts of the Italians, under whose control was the area of Lika , where the camp was located [22] . | |
| Jasenovac | About 700,000 Serbs, 23,000 Jews, 80,000 Gypsies [5] | 1941−1945 | The largest camp complex in the NHC, the main of which was located in the city of Jasenovac. His prisoners and victims were Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, as well as Croats and Muslims who helped the Serbs or who were convinced anti-fascists [19] . | |
| Yastrebarsko | 1018 [23] −1500 [24] | July 12 - August 26 1942 | Intended for the maintenance of children aged from one month to 14 years. Children who had previously been in the Stara Gradiska concentration camp were sent to Yastrebarsko. On August 26, 1942, the 4th Brigade of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia liberated the camp [25] . Partisans rescued more than 700 children from the camp [23] . |
Notes
- ↑ Balkan knot, or Russia and the “Yugoslav factor” in the context of the policy of great powers in the Balkans in the XX century / Collective of authors. - M .: "Belfry-MG", 2005. - S. 160−164.
- ↑ Žerjavić, Vladimir. Yugoslavia - Manipulations with the number of Second World War victims. - Croatian Information Center., 1993. - ISBN 0-919817-32-7 . (eng.)
- ↑ 1 2 Mane M. Peshut. Krajina at the city hall 1941−1945. - Beograd, 1995 .-- S. 51.
- ↑ Bruchfeld S., Levin P. Holocaust in different countries of Europe // Pass on this to your children ... The Holocaust in Europe 1933−1945 = (Swedish: Om detta mè ni berätta '): historical collection of materials about the Holocaust .. - M. , 2000 .-- 104 s. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7516-0284-6 .
- ↑ 1 2 Change at Doњoј Gradini (Serb.) . RTRS. Date of treatment October 3, 2012.
- ↑ Institute of World History, RAS . “New and Contemporary History” - M .: Publishing House “Science” - 2006. - Issue. 4-5. - S. 211.
- ↑ 1 2 Riveli , 2011 , p. 79.
- ↑ 1 2 Riveli , 2011 , p. 82.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Genocide without treasury (Serb.) . Jadovno.com. Date of treatment September 9, 2012. Archived October 31, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Riveli , 2011 , p. 85.
- ↑ Zagreb se bori (Serb.) . Date of treatment September 9, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Riveli , 2011 , p. 83.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Riveli , 2011 , p. 84.
- ↑ Nestal tech was put on the spot for ea Pagu (Serb.) . RTRS. Date of treatment September 9, 2012.
- ↑ Riveli , 2011 , p. 64.
- ↑ Promocija knjige o lepoglavskom logoru (Croatian) . Date of treatment October 3, 2012. Archived October 31, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Sabirni logor Loborgrad (Serb.) . Date of treatment September 9, 2012. Archived October 31, 2012.
- ↑ Semlin Judenlager 1941−1942 . Date of treatment October 3, 2012. Archived October 31, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Riveli , 2011 , p. 86.
- ↑ Hilberg Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. - Yale University Press, 2003. - P. 760. - ISBN 0-300-09557-0 .
- ↑ Parastos served by the овadovnicki martyr (Serb.) . RTRS. Date of treatment September 9, 2012.
- ↑ Dan sјeћaњa on Јadnovno (Serb.) . RTRS. Date of treatment October 3, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Death camps // World war 2 in Yugoslavia © vojska.net on February 14, 2012.
- ↑ Rade Šegrt. Prvi put obilježeno stradanje djece // Nezavisne novine. 08/26/2010.
- ↑ Nikola Vidoviћ : The Fourth Kordunashka brigade near the Borbama for the obsolete Bihaћ // Collection “BIHAЋKA REPUBLIC”, Muses Avnoјa and Použe - Bihaћ, 1965. - Kyiv 1, p.152.
Literature
- Marc Aurelio Riveli. Archbishop of genocide. Monsignor Stepinac, Vatican and Ustas dictatorship in Croatia 1941-1945. - Moscow, 2011 .-- 224 p. - ISBN 978-5-91399-020-4 .
- Berger Egon. 44 mjeseca u Jasenovacu. - Zagreb: Graficki zavod Hrvatske, 1966 .-- 93 p.
- Dedijer Vladimir. Vatikan i Jasenovac. Documenti. - Beograd: Izdavacka radna organizacija "Rad", 1987.
- Fumič I. Djeca - žrtve ustaškog režima. - Zagreb: Narodne novine, 2011 .-- 99 p. - ISBN 978-953-7587-09-3 .
- Mirkovic Jovan. Objavljeni izvori i literatura o jasenovačkim logorima. - Laktasi: Grafomark, 2000 .-- 555 p. - 500 copies.
- Popović Jovo. Suđenje Artukoviću i što nije rećeno. - Zagreb: Stvarnost Jugoart, 1986 .-- 199 p.
- Riffer Milko. Grad mrtvih. - Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske, 1946 .-- 191 p.
- Trivuncic Radovan. Jasenovac i jasenovački logori. - 1977. - 38 p.
Links
- Site about the concentration camp Poison (Serb.) . Jadovno.com. Date of treatment September 28, 2012. Archived October 31, 2012.
- Website about the Jasenovac concentration camp (English) . Jasenovac-info. Date of treatment October 2, 2012.
- Library for Ustasha Crimes (Serb.) . Krajinaforce. Date of treatment September 28, 2012. Archived October 31, 2012.