Bitch

In knots of coniferous species there is almost always lump , and hardwood - traction wood ( see ).

Blackening of the bast is a sure sign of his death and the beginning of the formation of an ungrown bitch.

The tree reacts to the decay of the knot and surrounds it with antiseptic substances, so only the top of the knot is rotten. The probability of decay of a knot increases with an increase in its diameter and a decrease in the angle of departure from the trunk.

Rotten , rotten and tobacco knots in the materials of conifers (except fir ) and sound hardwoods ( oak , chestnut , elm , elm , birch bark , ash ) do not infect rot with surrounding wood, therefore the same restrictions should apply to them as drop-down ones knots. In non-core hardwood forest products ( birch , aspen , beech , linden , alder , maple ) and fir, if stored raw for a long time, they can infect the surrounding wood, therefore, more restrictions should be imposed on them in the absence of artificial drying.

Knots are measured both to determine the grade of timber , and to study the operation of mechanisms designed to clear the trunk of knots.

If the knots are surrounded by bark , measure together with the bark. Leg patches are not included in the size of a knot. The size of the stepson is measured by the smallest width. An important indicator is the angle of attachment of the knot to the trunk. When measuring the knot of a tree, three of its zones are measured: a living crown zone, a zone with dead protruding knots, and a knotless zone; Particular attention is paid to the site, where there are both living branches and dried remains of the branches. Then the barrel is divided, regardless of its length, into ten sections, measured separately. To measure latent knotting, peeling and splitting are used.

When measuring the diameter of knots, the use of simplified gradation is allowed:

• pin or needle - less than 5 mm in size;
• pencil - 5-10 mm;
• small ones - 11-15 mm;
• medium - 16-25 mm;
• large - 26-50 mm and
• very large - over 50 mm.

• The names of the knots present in GOST are highlighted in bold .
• Bold italics highlight the names of knots that are not in GOST.
• Terms in italics are highlighted, as well as the names given elsewhere in the article or in another article on this topic.
• (unofficial.) - an unofficial name for a concept that is present in GOST.
• (abbr.) is an abbreviated name.

Knots differ:

• by openness:
  • open knot - emerging on the surface of round timber. A hemp of an open knot sticks out of the trunk or is visible in the cavity of a closing influx;
  • overgrown knot - When determining the grade of wood, overgrown knots are not taken into account. In coniferous species, dead knots are impregnated with resin and due to this they do not overgrow for a long time (up to 50 years), since fragments of dead branches slowly rot and remain stuck on the trunk. Are divided into:
    • superficially overgrown - covered with one or several annual layers of the trunk, not deeper than 1 cm. A wound spot may remain on the surface of the trunk opposite the knot. The developed wound spot has the shape of an ellipse. Often such a knot is covered by a swelling of various shapes, for example, nodule , and therefore is called swimming :
      • nodule - in pine, whorls of superficially overgrown knots sometimes form a knotty trunk;
    • deeply overgrown - In larch, the inter-mutation branches soon die off and break off, and in this regard they grow to great depths. They can be detected by such signs as:
      • a brow that appears on deciduous trees of smooth bark species. Due to the direction of the overgrown knot up, with the growth of new layers of wood, the wound stain is shifted up and the brow lengths are lengthened. The length of the mustache in centimeters approximately corresponds to the diameter of the overgrown knot in millimeters. The more long the knot is overgrown, the greater the angle between the mustache of the wound edge ^[1] ;
      • a rose ^{[2] is} formed in an old wound spot of coarse rocks;
• in form:
  • round - in which the ratio of the larger diameter to the smaller is two or less;
  • oval - in which the ratio of the larger diameter to the smaller is more than two, but not more than four;
  • oblong - in which the ratio of the larger diameter to the smaller is four or more;
• by position in the material:
  • formation , edge , rib and end ;
  • stitching - passing along the entire width of the material, from edge to edge, extending to two ribs of one side;
• on exit to the surface:
  • unilateral
  • through ;
• by mutual arrangement:
   

  Branched knots in the trunk with a hollow formed due to damage by sound rot
   

  Round edge fused light healthy knot with cracks
   

  Ungrown tobacco knot
  • scattered - spaced from each other at a distance greater than the width of the material, and with a material width of more than 150 mm - at a distance of more than 150 mm;
  • branched , or clawed (unofficial) - knots of one whorl : two oblong or oblong in combination with an oval or rib , regardless of others located nearby;
  • group - round , oval and rib knots concentrated in an amount of two or more at a distance equal to the width of the product, and if the product is wider than 150 mm - then at a distance of 150 mm.
    • a rosette , visible on a cross section as a group of knots diverging from one point, corresponds to a whorled arrangement of branches.
• by degree of intergrowth:
  • intergrown - intergrown knots are located mainly in the area of ​​the living crown . The wood is healthy, normal structure;
  • partially fused - the annual layers of which are fused with the surrounding wood for 1/4 to 3/4 of the perimeter. May be healthy or rotten;
  • non-intergrown - on the surface of lumber it does not merge with the surrounding wood, circled by a clear dark outline in the form of a ring. The cedar, and especially the spruce and fir, forms a large number of ungrown knots due to the fact that the thin intermutation branches of these rocks remain alive for a long time, and when they die off, they slowly disappear. The ungrown part of the knot (if we consider it along its entire length) is called a hairpin . In the butt part of the birch trunk, more than half of the knots have a hairpin. Their average length is 25-30 mm;
  • drop - down - not fused with the surrounding wood and held loose in it. Usually retains normal structure and hardness. Holes from dropped knots are also referred to as dropouts;
• by color:
  • light healthy knot - the fabric is light and close in color to the surrounding wood. Organically linked to the texture. May be
    • core - with a core among sapwood, always more pronounced than in stem wood, and
    • sapwood - without a core;
  • a dark healthy knot - much darker than the surrounding wood, abundantly saturated with resin , tannins and sound substances , often with uneven coloring;
  • a healthy knot with cracks ;
• as wood:
  • healthy , including a healthy knot with cracks ,
  • decayed - with rot , occupying no more than 1/3 of the surface; the proportion of rotten wood is determined visually. For rotten
    • black resinous knot of coniferous species, when the black resinous mass abundantly impregnates the top of the knot and adjacent sprout; refers to rotten and
    • black crumbling knot found in tree species;
  • rotten , easily destroyed by hands;
  • tobacco - the contents of which have turned into light or brown dust like tobacco . It is formed later on of rotten and rotten knots, already after clearing the trunk of the knots as a result of the activity of fungi in the fruiting stage. Indicates the presence of sound rot , as in round timber it may not go to the ends.

• A specific kind of knot is the stepson , referred to the group of defects in the structure of the wood - a knot at the site of a large shoot, competing with the main trunk, dead or stunted. Penetrates the material at an acute angle for a considerable distance, looks like a very elongated oval with an aspect ratio of more than 1 to 4. It can violate the integrity of sawn products , greatly reduces its tensile and bending strength.
• A local curvature of the annual layers is formed next to the knot, and if the cut takes place next to the knot during sawing, then on the other side of the cut there remains a curl , also belonging to the group of defects in the structure of wood .
• Eyes - a defect in the structure of wood , overgrown undeveloped buds observed in the eye maple and when the kapel of the Karelian birch , plane tree and ash are cut.

Riddles and Proverbs

• Bear's eye in the hut .
• On the bench kutak, you will not turn in any way (a hitch in the shop) .
• Mikit sits, looking through the walls .
• Curve Sisy sits behind the stove: he looks at the street and watches over in a hut (a through knot) .
• You see a mote in a stranger’s eye, but you don’t notice a bitch in your eyes .

• Vice of wood
• Timber
• Lumber
• Bitches

• GOST 30427 - 96 General purpose plywood. General rules for the classification of appearance
• Vice of wood. Album / Miller V.V., Vakin A.T. - M., L .: Katologizdat NKTP USSR, 1938. - 171 p.
• Vakin A.T., Poluboyarinov O.I., Solovyov V.A. Album of wood defects. - M .: Forest industry, 1969.
• Vakin A.T., Poluboyarinov O.I., Solovyov V.A. Album of wood defects. - M .: Forest industry, 1980.
• Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people .

• GOST 2140-81 “Visible wood defects. Classification, terms and definitions, measurement methods. ”
• Knots in wood, angara-dom.com
• Knots in wood, DomRemStroy.Ru
• Forest sculpture
• Glossary: ​​Wood Vices
• Technology: Wood Defects
• The world of building materials: vice of wood