Phraseologism

Due to the fact that phraseologism is often impossible to translate verbatim ( meaning is lost), difficulties may arise in translation and understanding among foreigners. On the other hand, such phraseological units give the language a bright emotional coloring. Often the grammatical meaning of idioms does not meet the norms of the modern language, but is grammatical archaisms . Examples of such expressions in the Russian language will be: “stay with your nose”, “ beat the buck ”, “give back”, “fool around”, “ point of view ”, “without a king in the head”, “soul to soul”, “sewn in white” threads "and the like.

Phraseologism is used as a whole, not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow within itself the rearrangement of its parts. The semantic cohesion of phraseological units can vary within a fairly wide range: from the irreducibility of the meaning of phraseological units from its constituent words in phraseological units (idioms) to phraseological combinations with a meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination . The transformation of phrases into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization .

Different scholars interpret the notion of phraseologism and its properties in different ways, however, the most consistently distinguished by various scholars of the phraseologism properties are:

• Reproducibility.
• Sustainability.
• Superword.
• Belonging to the nominative inventory of the language.

The concept of phraseological units ( Fr. unité phraséologique ) as a stable phrase , the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of the words that compose it, was first formulated by Swiss linguist Charles Bally in the work “ Précis de stylistique ”, where he contrasted them with another type of phrases - phraseological groups ( Fr. séries phraséologiques ) with a variable combination of components. Subsequently , V.V. Vinogradov identified four ^[1] main types of phraseological units ^[2] :

• Phraseological adhesions (idioms ^[1] ).
• Phraseological unity.
• Phraseological combinations ( collocation ^[1] ).
• Phraseological expressions.

An alternative classification, in addition to idioms and collocations, includes proverbs , sayings and winged expressions in phraseological units ^[1] .

Fusion (idioms)

Phraseological union or idiom (from the Greek. Ἴδιος - “own, inherent”) is a semantically indivisible revolution , the meaning of which is completely not deduced from the sum of the values ​​of its components, their semantic independence is completely lost. For example, " sodom and gomorrah " - "clutter, noise." In the literal translation of phraseological units, a foreigner usually cannot understand their general meaning : in English. to show the white feather - “accuse of cowardice” (literally - “show the white feather”, in England the white feather was given to deviators during the war) none of the words hints at the meaning of the whole phrase .

Often, the grammatical forms and meanings of idioms are not determined by the norms and realities of the modern language, that is, such conjunctions are lexical and grammatical archaisms . So, for example, the idioms of “ beating ” - “lounging” (in its original meaning - “splitting a log into blanks for making household wooden objects”) and “ after sleeves ” - “carelessly” reflect the realities of the past that are absent in the present (in the past they metaphorical inherent). In the fusions “ from small to large ,” “ summing up nothing, ” archaic grammatical forms are preserved.

Unity

Phraseological unity is a stable turn in which, nevertheless, the signs of semantic separation of components are clearly preserved. As a rule, its general meaning is motivated and derived from the meaning of the individual components.

For phraseological unity is characterized by imagery ; each word of such a phrase has its own meaning , but in the aggregate they acquire a figurative meaning . Typically, phraseological units of this type are paths with a metaphorical meaning (for example, “ gnaw at the granite of science ”, “ go with the flow ”, “ throw a fishing rod ”). The individual words included in its composition are semantically independent, and the meaning of each component is subordinated to the unity of the general figurative meaning of the entire phraseological expression as a whole. However, with a literal translation, a foreigner can guess the meaning of the phrase.

Like idioms, phraseological unities are semantically indivisible, their grammatical forms and syntactic structure are strictly defined. Replacing a word as part of a phraseological unity, including substituting a synonym , leads to the destruction of a metaphor (for example, “ granite of science ”${\displaystyle <span\; class="mwe-math-element"><span\; class="mwe-math-mathml-inline\; mwe-math-mathml-a11y"\; style="display:\; none;">\to </span></span>}$ {\ displaystyle \ to}   “ Science basalt ”) or a change in the expressive meaning: “ fall for the bait ” and “ get on the net ” are phraseological synonyms , but they express different shades of expression.

However, unlike idioms, unity submits to the realities of the modern language and can allow the insertion of other words in speech between its parts: for example, “ bring (yourself, him, someone) to white heat ”, “ pour water into the mill (something either or someone else) ”and“ pour water into the (mine, alien, etc.) mill . ”

Examples: “ get into a dead end ”, “ beat with a key ”, “ hold a stone in the bosom ”, “ drive by the nose ”; English to know the way the cat is jumping - “know where the wind is blowing” (literally - “know where the cat will jump”).

Combinations

Phraseological combination is a stable circulation , which includes words with both a free meaning and a phraseologically connected, not free (used only in this combination ). Phraseological combinations are stable turns , however their integral meaning follows from the meanings of their individual words.

Unlike phraseological unions and unions, combinations are semantically divisible - their composition allows limited synonymous substitution (replacement of individual words ), while one of the members of the phraseological combination is constant, while the others are variable: for example, in phrases “ burn from love, hatred, shame, impatience ”the word“ burn ”is a permanent member with a phraseologically related meaning.

A limited range of words can be used as variable members of the combination , determined by semantic relations within the language system : for example, the phraseological combination “ burn from passion ” is a hyponym in relation to combinations of the type “ burn from ... ”, while synonymic formation is possible due to variation of the variable part ranks " burn with shame, shame, shame ", " burn with jealousy, thirst for revenge ."

Another example: English. to show one's teeth - “snap back” (literally - “show your teeth”). The semantic independence in this combination is manifested by the word “ one’s ” - “someone else's”. It can be replaced by the words " my ", " your ", " his ", etc.

Expressions

Phraseological expressions are phraseological phrases that are stable in their composition and use, which are not only semantically articulated, but also consist entirely of words with a free nominative meaning . Their only feature is reproducibility : they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics .

Often the phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion . Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms . If there is no edification in the phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then this is a saying or a catch phrase . Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech ^[3] . Speech stamps also fall into the category of phraseological expressions - stable formulas such as “ all the best ”, “ until we meet again ”, etc.

Many linguists do not attribute phraseological expressions to phraseological units, since they are devoid of the main features of phraseological units ^[4] .

• Phrasebook
• Phrase
• Catch phrase
• Ideological cliche
• Syntagma (Linguistics)
• Category: Phraseologisms

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