Karniks - wind instrument of the Celts of the Iron Age , used between 300 BC. er and 200 n. er for years. It was a type of bronze tube , vertically directed, with a bell shaped head of an animal, such as boar . It was used during battles, probably to give a signal to attack the soldiers and intimidate the enemy.
| Karniks | |
|---|---|
| lat Carnyx | |
 Karniks of Leychestauna and its reconstruction, National Museum of Scotland | |
| Sound example | "Carnyx Trumpet Call". Record of the Reconforming Deskford Carnicus. |
| Classification | Brass |
Etymology
The word "carnyx" comes from the Gallic root - "carn-" or "cern-", which means "horn" or "(deer) horns", the same as in the name of the god Kernunn . [1] The name of the instrument of Roman origin, the original, Celtic, name is unknown. Even under torture, the Celts did not betray the name of the instrument to the Romans.
Historical sources
Sculpture Images
The appearance of the tool is known for chasing on coins. One of the most famous images is the scene of initiation, reflected on one of the plates of the boiler from Gundestrup .
Written mentions
The name of the tool is known from Roman written sources — the carnicx are mentioned in the description of the Celtic attack on Delphi in 279 BC. e., as well as in the "Notes on the Gallic War " by Julius Caesar and in Claudius' autobiography in describing his invasion of Britain .
Below, the Greeks describe the Celtic instrument as a (natural) pipe-salping ( ancient-Greek σчλπιγξ ). Diodorus Sicilian around 60-30 BC. er wrote the following:
“Moreover, their barbarous pipes are extraordinary; trumpeting them, they make an unpleasant sound that blends so well with the roar of battle. ”
Original text (ancient-greek.)σάλπιγγας δ´ ἔχουσιν ἰδιοφυεῖς καὶ βαρβαρικάς · ἐμφυσῶσι γρ ταύταις καὶ προβάλλουσιν ἦροβ τραχ μ μ ῆς ῆς ῆς α ῆς α α ῆς ῆς ῆς ῆς μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ μ- Διόδωρος Σικελιώτης. 30 // στορική Βιβλιοθήκη . - Vol. Ε '.
Polybius describes how the Celtic troops in the battle of Telamon intimidated the Romans:
“... on the other hand, the Celts frightened them with battle formation and noise. Indeed, the number of trumpeters and bearers was incredibly large, and when the whole army sang the battle song at once, such a strong and unusual noise was heard that not only the sounds of pipes and warriors could be heard, but the surroundings that echoed echoes were heard .. "
Original text (ancient-greek.)"Τούς γε μὴν Ῥωμαίους τὰ μὲν εὐθαρσεῖς ἐποίει τὸ μέσους καὶ πάντοθεν περιειληφέναι τοὺς πολεμίους, τὰ δὲ πάλιν ὁ κόσμος αὐτοὺς καὶ θόρυβος ἐξέπληττε τῆς τῶν Κελτῶν δυνάμεως. Ἀναρίθμητον μὲν γὰρ ἦν τὸ τῶν βυκανητῶν καὶ σαλπιγκτῶν πλῆθος. Οἷς ἅμα τοῦ παντὸς στρατοπέδου συμπαιανίζοντος τηλικαύτην καὶ τοιαύτην συνέβαινε γίνεσθαι κραυγὴν ὥστε μὴ μόνον τὰς σάλπιγγας καὶ τὰς δυνάμεις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς παρακειμένους τόπους συνηχοῦντας ἐξ αὑτῶν δοκεῖν προΐεσθαι φωνήν. "- Πολύβιος. 29 // Ιστορίαι . - Vol. β.
Archaeological finds
In 1816, a well-preserved specimen of carnicature was found on the Scottish farm of Leytschetown in Stockford, Banffshire . It was originally donated to the Banff Museum, and is now on display at the National Museum of Scotland from the vaults of the Aberdeenshire Museum Department. The place where Karniks was found and his age suggest that the tool was used not only during battles, but also in peacetime during various ceremonies.
Until 2004, only four more carnix fragments were preserved, but in November 2004, archaeologists discovered five well-preserved carnixes of the first century BC. er under the Gallo-Roman sanctuary ( fanum (fr.) ) in Tintynac [ check translation ! ] ( Correze , France). The four pommel in the form of a boar's head, the fifth, probably a snake.
Reconstruction
Reconstruction of the Desktopford Carnix was proposed by Dr. John Parser ( John Purser ) and was launched in 1991 with the co-financing of the Glenfiddich Living Scotland Award and the National Museum of Scotland. In addition to John Parser, as a musicologist, archaeologist Fraser Hunter, silver master John Creed and trombonist John Kenny (English) took part in the reconstruction of the instrument. After many centuries of silence, the restored instrument violated it at the National Museum of Scotland in April 1993.
Becoming the first after a long time, who played on karniks, John Kenny from that moment holds lectures and speaks around the world - in concert halls, on radio and television, and also starred in documentaries. Currently, he created many compositions for Karnix, released seven music albums on CDs, and on March 15, 2003, he performed a solo concert in front of 65,000 people in the hall Stade De France, Paris.
Notes
- ↑ Delmarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise. - 2nd ed .. - Paris: Editions Errance, 2003. - p. 106-107. - 440 p. - ISBN 2-87772-237-6 .
See also
- Dord is another type of Celtic pipe.
- Karnay is a similar Iranian wind instrument.
Links
- Ancient Celtic music (eng.) . An article on the Citizendium website about Celtic music and, in particular, about Karniks.
- Carnyx and co. (eng.)
- Fouille archéologique T Tintignac en Corrèze (Fr.) . On the excavation of Tintiniac.
- France trumpets discovery of Gallic war trophies (eng.) . About Karniks from Tintinyak.