The instinct of incubation is one of the basic instincts manifested by birds (mainly females , but also males in some species ), as well as extinct furry dinosaurs , for example, an oviraptor during the breeding season. The instinct of incubation is, as a rule, periodic and coincides with the period of mating and oviposition . It is akin to the maternal instinct shown by other animals. There are, however, exceptions among the birds — for example, a cuckoo throwing eggs into the nests of other birds.
Content
Poultry
The desire to hatch, or hatch, eggs appears in birds in the spring during the period of the most intensive egg laying. Sometimes there is no such hunt, and in the conditions of housekeeping the bird is forced to sit on the eggs for several days by force (for example, covering it with something), after which it will not come down. Duration of incubation: dove 18–20 days, chicken 21–24, pheasant 23–27, guinea fowl 27–28, turkey and duck 28–30, geese 29–35, peacock 30–40 days [1] .
The instinct of incubation, manifested from time to time by some breeds of poultry , is usually suppressed by poultry farmers as a destructive cycle of continuous egg production , which ceases when incubation of a clutch of 10-20 eggs is incubated. There are breeds without instinct of incubation: Chinese geese , Peking ducks , hens of egg direction . Often, a brood hen showing signs of instinct - ruffling feathers, making characteristic sounds, etc. - is “walking around,” that is, they sit down to the rooster and make it impossible to return to the nest.
As shown experimentally, the manifestation of incubation is influenced by both hormonal factors in the body of the bird [2] and environmental factors [3] .
Hatching Genetics
A number of hormone system genes and corresponding receptors are known that can play a role in the physiology and neurobiology of incubation behavior, including: estrogen receptors ( ESR1 , ESR2 ), progesterone receptor ( PGR ), progesterone receptor protein binding ( ATP5I ), prolactin ( PRL ) and its receptor ( PRLR ), vasoactive intestinal peptide ( VIP ) and its receptor ( VIPR ), gonadotropin releasing hormone ( GNRH1 ) and its receptor ( LHCGR ), dopamine receptor D1 ( DRD1 ), dopamine receptor D4 ( DRD4 ), growth hormone ( GH ) and its receptor ( GHR ), aromatase ( CYP19A1 ) [4 ] .
In early genetic studies, it was suggested that there are factors on the chicken sex Z- chromosome that determine the behavior of brooding in females [5] . However, testing this hypothesis using hybridological analysis in special crosses between white leggors that do not show incubation instinct and bentamics incubating eggs showed that the behavior of incubation is apparently not controlled by one (or more) main gene on the Z chromosome. If such a gene exists, it is involved in the activation of the incubation process in addition to two interacting autosomal genes, one of which is an inhibitor of the other [4] [6] [7] .
See also
- Nest parasitism
- Egg incubation
- Egg laying
- Maternal instinct
- Stain spot
- Ethology
Notes
- ↑ Hatching // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron : in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
- ↑ Nalbandov AV A study of the effect of prolactin on broodiness and on cock testes // Endocrinology. - 1945. - Vol. 36. - P. 251—258. (eng.)
- ↑ Burrows WH, Byerly TC The effect of certain groups of environmental factors upon the expression of broodiness // Poultry Science. - 1938. - Vol. 77. - P. 324-330. (eng.)
- ↑ 1 2 Romanov MN Genetics of broodiness in poultry - a review (Eng.) // Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science: journal. - Seoul , Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP), 2001. - Vol. 14, no. 11 - P. 1647-1644. - ISSN 1011-2367 . - DOI : 10.5713 / ajas.2001.1647 . Archived February 24, 2015. (Retrieved February 24, 2015)
- ↑ Hutt FB Genetics of the Fowl. - New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. , 1949. - 590 p. (Eng.) (Retrieved February 24, 2015) Archived February 24, 2015.
- ↑ Romanov MN, Talbot RT, Wilson PW, Sharp PJ Inheritance of the incubation instinct in chickens (English) = Inheritance of broodiness in the domestic fowl // British Poultry Science: journal. - Abingdon-on-Thames , UK : Taylor & Francis Group , 1999. - Vol. 40, no. Suppl. 01 . - P. S20 — S21. - ISSN 0007-1668 . - DOI : 10.1080 / 00071669986611 . - PMID 10661421 . Archived February 24, 2015. (Retrieved February 24, 2015)
- ↑ Romanov MN, Talbot RT, Wilson PW, Sharp PJ Genetic control of incubation of eggs in domestic chickens (English) = Genetic control of incubation behavior in the domestic hen // Poultry Science: journal. - Champaign, IL , USA ; Oxford , UK : Poultry Science Association Inc ; Oxford University Press , 2002. - Vol. 81, no. 7 - P. 928-931. - ISSN 0032-5791 . - DOI : 10.1093 / ps / 81.7.928 . - PMID 12162351 . Archived February 24, 2015. (Retrieved February 24, 2015)