Architecture of Bashkortostan

The origin of architecture in Bashkortostan ^[1] is associated with the appearance in the Stone Age of simple shelters and dwellings. Primitive people on the territory of Bashkortostan used karst caves ( Ignatyevsky sanctuary , Shulgan-Tash ) as natural shelters and temples of shrines. The first dwellings were arranged in crevices of the rocks ( Urta-Tube ) or were cut out in the rock and covered with logs (Surtandinsky sites).

In the Neolithic, rectangular elongated houses were built here, connected to each other by passages. In the Bronze Age ( Abashevskaya culture ), buildings were built with wooden or clay-coated walls, which for defensive purposes were located around the perimeter of the settlement ( Tyubyak ). Linear layout of houses-dugouts or half-dugouts (Yumakovsky settlements) was typical for the carcass culture . Also, this layout of the settlements was also in the Andronovo cultural and historical community with ground-based dwellings and complex wall structures.

Among the monuments of ancient architecture of the Trans-Urals, closed-type settlements of the Country of cities ( Arkaim , Bersuat, Sintashta and others) stand out.

In the era of the Iron Age, fortified settlements of Ananyin , Pianobor and Kara-Abyz cultures appeared. The settlements were fortified with ramparts, walls and other structures. Among the funerary monuments include burial mounds ( Baishevsky mounds , Sintashta , Filippovsky mounds and others). The traditional dwelling of the nomadic peoples of the Southern Urals ( Bashkirs , Bulgar , Kipchaks , etc.) was a yurt - the main type of dwelling of temporary wanderings. The use of such temporary dwellings was dictated by seasonal migrations. Among the Bashkirs, dugouts , frame , adobe, and log houses were also common.

The early forms of stone architecture include menhirs ^[2] - stone pillars, which played the role of the first monuments, landmarks associated with the nomadic structure of tribal communities. Menhirs survived near the village of Tabuldy of the Sterlibashevsky district.

In the 10-15 centuries in the territory of the Republic of Belarus there was a gradual transition of people to settled and primitive agriculture, which gave conditions for the development of wooden architecture from available materials, the formation of complex types of dwellings. The first villages were planned on curvilinear and ray schemes. The common types of wooden residential buildings were four-walled (durt meeshle her) and houses with a connection - two separate four-walled log houses connected by log senes (kara-karshi to her). In the 19-20 centuries, five walls appear. In the 30s of the 20th century in the BASSR, houses with a log - four-wall with an extension, became widespread. In the process of their use, these houses underwent changes in the internal part in accordance with the characteristics of the social lifestyle of the Bashkirs.

In the XIV century, the first stone buildings of memorial and religious purpose - keshene ( keshene Bendebike , the mausoleum of Hussein-bek , the mausoleum of Tura Khan , the Mausoleum of Kesene and others) appear .

Since the 16th century, the number of mosques that are built of wood in the form of dwellings has been increasing. Initially, mosques were placed on a basement and had an 8-sided or round prayer hall. The earliest building of this type is the Toshkurov mosque in the Baltachevsky district (late XVI - early XVII century). Further development of architecture is associated with the accession of Bashkortostan to Russia .

In the cities of the republic - the beginning of the 17th century, the earliest Christian building was erected on the territory of the Kremlin in Ufa - the Smolensk Church. Monasteries are being erected - Uspensky and Christ-Christmas.

Monuments of the 18th century include the Kazan Church (1758; now the Kazan-Bogoroditskaya Church, the Trinity Church (1758) in the village of Verhnetroitskoye, Tuimazinsky District, and the Church of the Nativity of Christ in the village of Berezovka, Ufa region, originally containing elements of Russian Baroque.

In the XVIII century, industrial architecture was born. The earliest complexes, including buildings for various purposes - the Resurrection Plant, Verkhotorsky Plant and others were built in the Russian Baroque style.

The 1st half of the XIX century is characterized by the formation of classicism, the transition to a regular layout of populated areas. The active construction of stone residential buildings begins. The architecture of the 19th century in Ufa includes the building of the Gostiny Dvor , Theological Seminary (1827, architect Trofimov), and the House of the Governor .

The most significant religious buildings of this period: Pokrovskaya (1817-23) and Spasskaya (1824−45) churches, the First Cathedral Mosque (1830), the Resurrection Cathedral (1841). John the Baptist Church (1831-45), the Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel in Belebey (1828), the Trinity Church in the village. Nicolo-Berezovka (1808-1904). The Ufa monuments of stone civil architecture in the style of classicism include the Trading Rows (1820-36, architect A. I. Melnikov).

Examples of romanticism, which eclectically borrowed Asian style motifs, include the Fourth (1906) and Fifth (1906-09) cathedral mosques in Ufa.

In the 1920s, construction was in decline. In the style proximity to constructivism, the House-commune (1930s, architect G. Vagin) and the Central Economic Community (1929, both on Lenin St. in Ufa) are being erected. An industrial district is being formed with a residential village near Ufa, the future city of Chernikovsk (late 1920s - early 1930s, architect M. Ginzburg, Ufa).

In the 1930s, the transition from constructivism to neoclassicism took place in the architecture of Bashkortostan. The transitional stage of the so-called post-constructivism is represented by a significant number of buildings. Their decorative-plastic solution was based on the processing of elements of the classical order in the direction of its simplification and schematization: the building of the Bashpotrebsoyuz (1936-1937, architect D. Korshunov), the Main Post Office (1935), the Council of People's Commissars of the BASSR (1935-1937, architect N. Zarubin) . People’s Commissariat (1936-1937, architect B. Kalimullin, G. Vagin), Bashkir Medical Institute (1936-1937), Bashkiria Hotel (1937-1941, architect V. Maximov) and others. In 1935, the first professional public association of architects, builders and civil engineers was formed in Bashkortostan. One of the first buildings that laid the foundation for the search for architectural themes dating back to local tradition was the building of the Palace of Socialist Culture (1934-1937, architect V. Kokorin, after reconstruction in 1980-1985, the House of Trade Unions on Kirova St., 1 ; architect R. Kiraidt, R. Avsakhov).

The post-war construction in Ufa, which developed along the lines of neoclassicism, continued to use national decorative and ornamental motifs in the decoration of buildings: the main building of Bashkir State University (1950-1957, architect S. and B. Kalimullina), a residential building on ul. Dostoevsky (1955, architect S. Kalimullin). The most significant buildings of this period are the House of Industry (1956, architect A. Lyubarskaya, V. Lyubarsky; now the Bashneft building), the Palace of Culture named after S. Ordzhonikidze (1955, architect N. Shabarov), the Pobeda cinemas (1949 , architect M. Yashvin) and "Homeland" (1954, architect the same).

The departure from neoclassicism, which began in the 1950s and led to the decline of the art of architecture for almost two decades, was accompanied by a large-scale construction program for standard projects, according to which not only residential buildings were erected, but also public buildings - cinemas, palaces of culture, palaces sports, department stores, which led to an almost complete loss of the individual appearance of cities, the loss of their regional specificity and national color. In a short period of time using the labor of prisoners in the republic, entire cities, such as Salavat, were built according to standard designs.

From the beginning of the 1970s, the process of reassessing the principles of standard construction begins, the master plans of cities are reviewed, in which the issues of the integrated organization of urban infrastructure and the improvement of territories are addressed in more detail and varied. In 1977, the Ufa Petroleum Institute opened the Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, where they began training for the republic. Among the most significant buildings of the 1970-1980s in Ufa are the House of the Actor (1968-1969, architect A. Patskov, A. Semenov), the complex of the School of Arts (1971-1973, architect L. Khikhluha, 2nd stage 1996 , architect S. Goldobin), Palace of Culture of Oil Workers (1974-1981, architect M. Mazin, O. Novikov and others), the KGB complex of the BASSR (1981-1985, architect Mazin, O. Tadiashvili).

The development of architecture in the 1980s - early 1990s is characterized by the expansion of the typology of design, the emergence of new architectural objects: offices, representative offices of commercial banks, city mansions, etc., as well as the increase in the scale of activities associated with the use of the existing development fund in large cities. In Ufa, the State Opera and Ballet Theater was reconstructed (1st stage 1985-1986, architect Mazin, Patskov; 2nd stage 1992-1994, architect Mazin), the Bashkir State Philharmonic Society (1986-1987, architect Mazin, Patskov ), The Memorial Zone (now the Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the Republic of Belarus, 1987, architect Mazin, Patskov), the House of Unions (1980-1985, architect Kiraidt, Avsakhov).

In 1998, the Ufa mosque-madrassah " Lala-Tulip " was opened in Ufa - an Islamic cultural and educational center (architect Vakil Davlyatshin).

Modern trends in architecture are reflected in the buildings of banks in Ufa - Sberbank, Uralsib Bank , Bashprombank, National Bank , theaters, educational institutions, sports complexes, railway and bus stations (Ufa).

Currently, the leading design organizations for the development of master plans for urban and rural settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan are CJSC Bashkir Grazhdanproekt and Bashagropromproekt.

New trends in housing construction have manifested themselves in such facilities as residential complexes in the districts of Sipailovo, Inors, Karaidelsky, on Dorofeev, Kirova streets, on October Avenue in Ufa, residential buildings in the cities of Salavat , Sibay, Beloretsk , Neftekamsk , October, Birsk , in the village of Novobelokatay, Belokataysky district.

Training of architectural personnel for the republic is carried out at the Department of Architecture, organized in 1971 on the basis of the Ufa Petroleum Institute , Bashkir College of Architecture and Civil Engineering ^[3] .

The Department of Architecture of the University of Ural State Technical University since 1986 has been a member of the International Association of Teachers of Architectural Schools, and since 1996 - a member of the American Association of University Schools of Architecture. Since 1978, the university has a school of young architect, a regional design school "Bashkir House", a children's architectural workshop.

In Bashkortostan, many buildings and temples were built according to standard designs. The first architects who took part in the design of cities include: engineer A. Rotislavsky, who drafted the plan of Ufa in 666, architect V. Geste - became the author of the first state plan of Ufa; Simbirsk provincial architect I. Toskani, who proposed a project for the administrative center of the city in the 1820s.

The provincial architect Shcherbakov in 1822 was engaged in the planning of Ufa streets, the architect Karvovsky R. And - the author of the winter theater in Ufa, Essen F. F. - the author of the Ufa railway station, Drucker - the Land of the Peasant Bank, Skpovsky - Diocesan Women's School, Rudavsky P. P . - Aksakovsky people's house.

In the 7th century in Ufa, control over architecture and construction was carried out by the Main Directorate of Railways and Public Buildings (GUPsi PZ). Since 210, the Construction Charter has been in force. The development of Ufa was regulated by the Charter and plan of 1819. From 1819 to 1864, the Ufa Planning Committee and the Construction Road Commission at the Orenburg Treasury Chamber were engaged in construction affairs in Ufa, then the construction department of the provincial government. The improvement of the city was under the jurisdiction of the city, the work was carried out by the public Ufa Highway Committee.

Since 1875, the Zemstvo administration was given the construction of bridges and crossings, the maintenance of buildings, an order for public charity, a hospital and barracks.

In the XIX - early. XX centuries provincial architects and architects of Ufa were Sventsitsky, Lanevsky, Erokhin, Sakhaltuev, Guskov, Pludermacher.

Specialists from St. Petersburg were invited to carry out complex projects. In the 1870s, a draft railway bridge over the Belaya River was drawn up by Professor Bogolyubsky and Berezin to draw up a project to strengthen the Belaya River near the mouth of the Ufa River. Already in the BASSR, a group of Moscow architects led by Professor M. Ya. Ginzburg ( M. Barshch , G. Wegman , V. Vladimirov, S. Lisagor ) developed the master plan of Ufa. The following general plans of Ufa were developed at the Lengiprogor Institute: the team of D. Shibaev (in 1939).

Currently, the republic’s architects are united in an organization — the Union of Architects, which was registered on January 23, 1938 in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. As a territorial unit, she joined the Union of Soviet Architects. The Union included S. K. Gusev (1933), the chief architect of Sterlitamak , N. Yu. Lermontov (1934), the chief architect of the then only Bashkprogor design organization, V. N. Chaplits (1935), who oversaw the construction schools and hospitals in the Ufa and Turgai provinces, B. I. Bai (1935), who became the first chairman of the Bashkir organization of the Union of Architects.

In the pre-war years, much work was done in the BASSR to compile new and adjust existing master plans for the cities of Bashkortostan - Ufa (1934-1937, a team led by architect Shibaev, Moscow branch of the Giprogor Institute), Ishimbaya (1938-1939, architects A. I. Filonov, B. G. Kalimullin , P. I. Trishin, P. P. Dokhturov and others), Sterlitamak (1939, architect S. G. Kalimullin, B. G. Kalimullin and others), Beloretsk (1945, architect S. G. Kalimullin, B. G. Kalimullin and others), Birsk (architect A. I. Filonov), Baimak , Kumertau , Sibay .

During the war, a large number of architects went to the front or were engaged in work related to the relocation of industrial enterprises to the rear of the country. Among the evacuated people in Bashkortostan were the largest specialist in industrial architecture, Professor I. S. Nikolaev , who directed the placement of such enterprises as the Vitamin Plant in Ufa, as well as the famous architect, professor J. Kornfeld, from Ukraine - the chairman of the Odessa City SA, director of the Odessa Art Museum , Professor V. Zabolotny (author of the building of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR). A great contribution to the location of the evacuated enterprises in Ufa was made by the Leningrad architect D.I. Smetannikov (chief architect of Ufa from February 1941 to 1946).

After the war, the capital of the republic of Ufa was to be decorated with majestic residential and public buildings, forming the ceremonial development of streets and squares. The Palace of Culture named after Ordzhonikidze (1965, architect. N. I. Shibarov) and the development complex on the street. May Day - the famous "eight-story building" (1950s, architect M. Lysogorsky, V. A. Golosov).

The implementation of projects in the center was late and fell on the campaign against decoration, begun by N. S. Khrushchev. The installation of architectural parts was occasionally allowed if they were already made and were at the construction site. All projects were redone in the direction of simplifying and schematizing the decor, which led to large city-planning losses - urban development along the red lines of the main streets turned into backyards, losing its necessary representative qualities, silhouette and scale (residential building on Lenin St., V. Nudelman, 1956 year and on Revolutionary street, 1957, I.F. Minkin).

In the post-war years, work was intensified to restore and reorganize the republic’s sanatoriums, most of which were used as hospitals. In the 1946-1960s, there were plans for the sanatoriums "Yumatovo", "Aksakova", " Yangan-Tau ", "Krasnousolsk" and others.

From the beginning of the 1970s , the process of reassessing the qualities of standard construction began, which led to the emergence of a large number of revised standard designs, more flexible and comfortable series, and new types of finishes. The Ufa State Circus (architect G. Naprienko), the Rossiya Hotel (now Azimut) (architect Yu. A. Patskov, E.V. Pavlova), the Sports Palace , Ufa Department Store, and the Iskra movie theater are being erected. .

The development of modern architecture of Bashkortostan of the post-perestroika period is characterized by the appearance of such objects as business centers, urban mansions, and elite residential complexes. This was facilitated by the creation under the Union of Architects of Bashkortostan of the creative organization Ufaarhproekt (1988, A. V. Klement), which quickly became one of the leading design organizations of the republic. To date, combining the most significant architectural forces, TAF "Archproject" is the largest residential and public buildings and complexes under construction.

A significant contribution to the development of architecture of the republic was made by architects, noted by the honorary titles of Russia and Bashkortostan:

• Honored Architects of Russia - F. I. Rekhmukov ^[4] , R. I. Kiraidt (Aviation College building, residential buildings (“round” house in the Ufa Northern district, 1981; 12-storey house in the Telecentre micro district, 1982; terraced houses in the Yanaulsky microdistrict, 1991, medical and health buildings in the Assy sanatorium, A. F. Kozlov (Palace of Oil Workers named after S. M. Kirov (1961) and the Children's Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Ishimbay (1973), master plans for the cities of Ishimbay, Neftekamsk, Oktyabrsky, the villages of Dyurtyuli, Zilair, Maloyaz, Mrakovo, the town of Priyutovo, Serafimovsky, etc.), B. G. Kalimul Lin, I. I. Mironenko (chairman of the board of the Union of Architects of the BASSR in 1966-1968), I. N. Sabitov (administration building of the Soviet district of Ufa, more than 20 mosques).
• Laureates of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus named after S. Yulaeva - A.V. Klement, L.V. Khikhluha , S.A. Goldobin, S. B. Goldobin (projects of the Vostok Bank building (1990), administrative buildings of Bashkirenergo OJSC (1999-2001); reconstruction of the Upper Torgovaya Square and the Gostiny Dvor building in Ufa (1995–2000)), A. V. Davydenko, V. V. Dvlyatshin (Lyalya-Tulip Mosque).
• Honored Builders of the Republic of Bashkortostan - M.P. Mazin (Bashkir State Philharmonic Society, Oil Workers' Palace of Culture, the KGB Complex of the BASSR, Republican Social and Political Center), Yu. A. Patskov (Rossiya Hotel (1967), Actor's House (1970), reconstruction BSTO & B (1986, 2000), Bashkir Philharmonic Society (1987), I. F. Minkin, A. S. Dmitrienko, N. M. Mukhamadeev, O. V. Novikov, F. B. Kalimullin, P. S. Kolosov, R. Kh. Akhmadiev,
• Honored architects of the Republic of Bashkortostan - R. R. Avsakhov, G. P. Garipov, L. Sh. Dubinsky, S. A. Goldobin, V. F. Safarova, M. N. Sakhautdinova, O. S. Tadiashvili, M. R Batyrova, P.P. Petrov, D.F. Akhmetshin, Z. Z. Bagautdinov, D. A. Vinkelman, R. G. Sadrislamov, A. M. Sarvarov, O. A. Tomilov, V. S. Firsov , S. A. Harichkov, R. T. Khairullin, U. G. Uraskin, R. M. Maskulov, A. A. Andrianov, K. A. Donguzov, T. V. Melyakova, D. D. Khalitov, R I. Khaliullin.

In the 2000s , modern trends in the development of Bashkortostan architecture were presented by new cultural objects - the Museum of Battle Glory (2000, architect D. A. Winkelman), the National Youth Theater named after Karim M. (2002, architect K. A. Donguzov, D. Yu. Mirsayapov), Entertainment complex “Ufa Lights” (2003, architect R. Kh. Akhmadeev, S. E. Migranova, A. U. Bayramgalina), new administrative, religious and commercial buildings - the Bashkir branch of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (2005, O. A. Tomilov, P. V. Skulimovskaya), Cathedral Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (2004, K. A. Donguzov, E. A. Favorskaya, D. A. Pavlov), The Mir Trade and Entertainment Center (2004, O. A. Baidin), the Iremel shopping center (2005, architect R. M. Maskulov), the shopping center Europe ” ^[5] (2007, architect D. A. Winke estuary).

The most significant buildings of recent times in Ufa are the buildings of Bashprombank (1996, architect L. Sh. Dubinsky), the National Bank (1995, A. S. Rasulev), Sotsinvestbank (1997, architect M. O. Yesi, V. N. Solovyov), the Lyalya-Tulip Mosque (1998, V.V. Davlyatshin, Kiraydt), the Nur Theater (2000, architect P.M. Andreev, G. G. Bogatyrev), the Republican Museum of Battle Glory (2000, architect D.A. Winkelman), National Youth Theater (2002, architect K.A. Donguzov, D. Yu. Mirsayapov).

The BATD was reconstructed (1999, architect V.L. Voskresenskaya), Gostiny Dvor (1999, architect Goldobin, S.V. Goldobina, A.V. Davydenko), the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (2004, architect Donguzov, D. A Pavlov, E. A. Favorskaya), restoration of the S. T. Aksakov House-Museum (see the Aksakov Museum), the Bogorodsk Ufa Church, Dmitry Solunsky Church with the reconstruction of the Aksakov family estate in the village. Nadezhdino, Belebeyevsky district (1991, architect Z. M. Khatmullina). The construction of a new building of the Bashkir State Art Museum named after M.V. Nesterov is underway.

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