Iris , or Kasatik , or Cockerel [2] ( lat. Íris ) is a genus of perennial rhizome plants of the Iris family , or Irisaceae . Irises are found on all continents . The genus has about 800 species with a rich variety of shapes and colors. For this, he got his name ( Greek. Ἶρῐς - rainbow ).
| Iris | |||||||||||||||||||||||
 German Iris , type species of the genus Iris | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Iris L. , 1753 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Iris germanica - German Iris | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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See Species of the genus Iris | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Content
Description
1. Iris sibirica
2. Iris graminea
Stems - single or in bunches, simple or branched.
Leaves are flat, xiphoid, mostly collected at the base of the stem.
The root system is located in the upper arable layer.
Flowers - solitary or in inflorescences , in some species slightly fragrant. Perianth is simple (that is, not differentiated into a calyx and corolla ); corolla is tubular, with six-fold limb. The base of the petals fuse into a tube, inside of which there is nectar . In their appearance, the flowers remotely resemble orchid flowers. In central Russia, irises bloom from late May to July.
Irises are characterized by high winter hardiness, unpretentious to the soil, but do not tolerate very moist soil, so it is better to plant them on the slopes. Flowers are grown in one place for up to seven years.
Geography of the clan
The range of the genus Iris covers regions of the Northern Hemisphere with a temperate and subtropical climate . In the north, they are distributed almost to 70 ° north latitude (in Northeast Asia and Alaska ), in the south, from 30 ° north latitude, almost to the tropics ( Guangdong province in China). The largest number of species falls on the countries of the Mediterranean , South-West and Central Asia .
Systematics
There are different opinions about the volume of the genus Iris and its classification. In accordance with the system of G. I. Rodionenko [3] , the genus Iris is divided into several subgenuses :
- Hermodactyloides - 12 species;
- Iris (Iris) - 98 species in 6 sections: Hexapogon (Hexapogon), Iris (Iris), Oncocyclus (Oncocyclus), Psammiris (Psammyris), Pseudoregelia (Pseudoregelia) and Regelia (Regelia);
- Limniris (Limniris) - 60 species, two sections: Limniris (Limniris), Lophiris (Lofiris);
- Xyridion (Xyridion) - 20 species;
- Crossiris (Crossiris) - 11 species.
Classification of the genus Iris by Brian Mathew, 1989 [4] :
- Subgenus iris
- Section iris
- Section Psammiris ( Spach ) J. Taylor
- Section Oncocyclus ( Siemssen ) Baker
- Section Regelia Lynch
- Section Hexapogon ( Bunge ) Baker
- Section Pseudoregelia Dykes
- Subgenus Limniris ( Tausch ) Spach
- Section Lophiris (Tausch) Tausch
- Section limniris
- Series Chinenses ( Diels ) Lawrence
- Series Vernae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Ruthenicae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Tripetalae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Sibiricae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Californicae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Longipetalae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Laevigatae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Hexagonae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Prismaticae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Spuriae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Foetidissimae (Diels) Mathew
- Series Tenuifoliae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Ensatae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Syriacae (Diels) Lawrence
- Series Unguiculares (Diels) Lawrence
- Subgenus Nepalensis (Dykes) Lawrence
- Subgenus Xiphium ( Miller ) Spach
- Subgenus scorpiris spach
- Subgenus Hermodactyloides Spach
- Section brevituba
- Section monlepis
- Section Hermodactyloides
- Section micropogon
According to The Plant List database, the genus includes 362 species [5] . Of these, about 60 species can be found in Russia and neighboring countries. Some of them:
- Iris acutiloba camey. - Iris acutifolia , the birthplace of Transcaucasia , Northern Iran , Asia Minor . The flowers are yellowish-white, black-brown, with a brown network of veins, strokes and dots.
- Iris japonica Thunb. - Japanese iris , from the Far East, from China , Japan . The flowers are purple-violet in different shades. Reach large sizes. Weakly resistant.
- Iris laevigata Fisch. - Iris is smooth , originally from Siberia and the Far East . Needs strong hydration. It grows in ponds.
- Iris lazica Albov - Iris lazistansky , lives on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus . The flowers are pale blue with dots. It blooms in late autumn, sometimes in winter.
- Iris pseudacorus L. - Iris pseudoair , lives in almost all of Europe. Endures dimming. It spreads very quickly, suitable for coasts and water basins.
- Iris ruthenica Ker Gawl. - Russian Iris , originally from the Carpathians , Altai from Central Asia and Siberia . Grows in low, dense jackets. The flowers are medium-sized, pale lilac and violet-lilac, fragrant. Suitable for rocky areas.
- Iris setosa pall. ex Link - Iris bristly , native to Eastern Siberia and North America . Very frost resistant look. Recommended even for the Far North .
- Iris sibirica L. - Siberian Iris , originally from the south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus , Siberia and Western Europe . Height is about 1 m. The flowers are violet-blue. The plants are very hardy.
- Iris tenuifolia Pall. - Iris thin-leaved .
- Iris glaucescens Bunge - Iris bluish .
Historical Information
Iris flowers have been known to man since ancient times. On the island of Crete, on the fresco , which was on the wall of the Palace of Knossos , depicts a priest surrounded by blooming irises. This fresco is about 4,000 years old.
In the Middle Ages, irises were grown in the gardens of castles and monasteries , from where they were transferred to the gardens of the townspeople.
The flower received its name in ancient Greece by the name of the goddess Irida , who, as a messenger of the gods, descended to the earth by rainbow, therefore the word "Iris" in Greek means rainbow . The name was given to this flower by Hippocrates , a Greek physician (around the 4th century BC.)
Karl Linney , who proposed a unified system of scientific names of plants, kept his ancient name behind the iris.
In Russia, the word “Iris” appeared as the botanical name of plants in the second half of the 19th century , and before that period it was popularly called “kasatik” (leaves as a braid), Ukrainians call irises “cockerel” - “pyvnik”.
The Slavic peoples widely used the rainbow gamut of colors and shades and bizarre forms of inflorescence of irises. They could be seen in handicrafts , in fabrics , as well as in everyday life: home painting, utensils , clothes (in the ornament of shirts , sarafans , rushnyks , shawls and half-hats ). Bulgarians , Serbs and Croats iris called Perunik - in honor of the Slavic Thunderer Perun .
Economic Significance and Application
The plant contains monoterpene ketone iron , organic acids ( myristic , undecyl , tridecyl , benzoic ), aldehydes ( decyl , nonyl and benzoic ); Iridine glycoside , starch (up to 60%), tannins . The leaves are rich in ascorbic acid , especially the leaves of salt-loving iris (950 mg%) and low iris (450-800 mg%) [6] .
Some species, such as Siberian iris , are used in folk medicine as an anti-zingotic agent [6] .
Earlier in medical practice under the name “violet root” the rhizomes of German iris ( Iris germanica L. ), Florentine iris ( Iris florentina L. ) and pale iris ( Iris pallida Lam. ) Containing essential oil were used . Rhizomes were part of the breast collection . Not used now. The rhizomes of yellow iris ( Iris pseudacorus L. ) are part of the collection according to the recipe of MN Zdrenko [7] . Rhizomes of many species have emetic and laxative effects. Preparations of rhizomes of German iris are used as an expectorant [6] .
In aromatherapy, the " iris root " and the absolute of iris are used as a sedative, but rarely because of the high price.
Iris rhizomes, ground in flour, can be added to confectionery products , used as flavorings , and in small quantities are part of spices . In Azerbaijan, jam is made from the petals.
Iris is a common ornamental plant [6] .
Valuable essential (iris) oil obtained from rhizomes is used to produce perfumes of the highest quality. Oil is very expensive, so it is replaced with synthetic iron and other flavors .
Some researchers claim that the smell of iris [ specify ] "has a general beneficial effect on the body, relieves stress and fatigue" [8] .
Varieties
The International Registration Authority (ICRA) of new varieties of bulbous irises (some botanists are distinguished into separate genera: Iridodictyum , Xiphium , Juno ) is the Royal General Bulb Growers' Association (KAVB) . The site of the association includes a database of registered varieties [9] .
Rhizome iris varieties are registered by the American Society of Iris Breeders [10] .
The American Iris Society, the British Iris Society and other organizations have an award-winning variety system.
Internationally recognized registrars of iris varieties - the American Society of Iris Growers [11] [12] [13] and the Royal Horticultural Society - garden irises are registered in the following groups:
- Bearded Irises - Bearded Irises
- Tall Bearded - Tall Bearded (TB)
- Border Bearded - Border Bearded (BB)
- Bearded Intermediate - Intermediate Bearded (IB)
- Miniature Tall Bearded - Miniature Tall Bearded (MTB)
- Standard Dwarfs - Standard Dwarf Bearded (SDB)
- Miniature Dwarfs - Miniature Dwarf Bearded (MDB)
- Aryls and arylbreds - Aril Irises
- Aryls —Arils (AR)
- Arylbreds - Arilbred (AB)
- Beardless Irises - Beardless Irises
- Siberian - Siberians (SIB)
- Japanese - Japanese (JI)
- Louisiana - Louisianas (LA)
- California - Pacific Coast Natives (PCN) or Californicae (CA)
- California-Siberian (Kalsibs) - (hybrids of species of the Californicae series x subseries of the Chrysographes of the Sibiricae series) (Cal-Sib)
- Sino-Siberian - Sino-Siberian (hybrids of the subseries Chrysographes of the Sibiricae series with the number of chromosomes 2n = 40) (Sino-Sib)
- Spuria - Spuria (SPU)
- Species - Species (SPEC)
- Interspecific Hybrids - Species Hybrids (SPEC-X)
- Xyfiums - Dutch (Dut) [14]
The variety of garden irises is not limited to the above unit. The current state of achievements in the selection of beardless irises is described in the article by Lech Komarnitsky “Interspecific and interserial hybrids of beardless irises” [15] .
For internal use, the Russian Iris Society [16] applies the following division:
- Bearded
- Properly Bearded
- Tall Bearded - TB
- Medium Bearded
- Standard Median Bearded - SMB
- Small-Flowered Median Bearded - SFMB
- Intermediate Median Bearded Binders - IMB
- Dwarf Bearded (Dwarf Bearded)
- Standard Dwarf Bearded - SDB
- Miniature Dwarf Bearded (Miniature Dwarf Bearded) - MDB
- Arils and Arilbreds (Arils and Arilbreds)
- Non-Aril-like Arilbreds - (-) AB
- Arils and Aril-like Arilbreds (Arils and Aril-like Arilbreds) - AR & (+) AB & AB
- Properly Bearded
- Unbearded
- Siberian - SIB
- Chrysographes - CHR
- Japanese (Japanese) - JA
- Spuria - SPU
- Louisiana - LA
- California (Californian) - CA
- Others - OT
| One of the royal coats of arms of France in the Middle Ages. Some experts consider lilies depicted on it to be stylized yellow irises | In the constellation Cepheus is the Iris Nebula ( NGC 7023 ), so named for its appearance, causing associations with this plant | Irises Fisher - a sample known among statisticians, is often used in the literature to illustrate the operation of various statistical algorithms | Iris was a cult flower of the Art Nouveau style (late XIX - early XX centuries). It can often be seen on decorative panels , stained-glass windows , mosaics . Jacques Gruber . Detail of a stained glass window. Museum of the Nancy School . 1904. |
Iris in the Dahl Dictionary
IRIS m. name plant. Iris, killer whale, cockerel, singer; I. biglamis, piskulnik; I. flavissima, wolf cucumber; I. furcata, casar (t?) Ka; I. germanica, scilla, pigtails, carp; I. pseudacorus, killer whale, tortilla, chikan, cockerels, wild tulip? mistaken ir, cal: I. ruthenica, koshanik, field daisies? I. sibrica, bells, chistyak, hare cucumbers, bear cucumbers, pikulnik, singer, magpie flowers, chemennik [17]
Interestingly, the emphasis in the Dahl Dictionary is placed on the second syllable.
Soviet and Russian breeders involved in the production of iris
- Victor Vladimirovich Burley (1911-2000)
- Peter Fedorovich Gattenberger (1906-2002)
- Vitaly Nikolaevich (1905-2002) and Nadezhda Mikhailovna Gordodelovy
- Irina Viktorovna Dryagina (1921-2017)
- Georgy Ivanovich Rodionenko (sashi bibu)
See also
- American Society of Iris Breeders
Notes
- ↑ For the conventionality of indicating the class of monocotyledons as a superior taxon for the plant group described in this article, see the APG Systems section of the Monocotyledonous article .
- ↑ Roosters // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
- ↑ Rodionenko G.I. Rod Iris - Iris L. - M. - L., 1961 .-- 216 p.
- ↑ A classification of Iris by Mathew
- ↑ Iris . The Plant List . Version 1.1. (2013). Date of treatment 2016-08-60.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 Gubanov I.A. et al. Wild useful plants of the USSR / ed. ed. T.A. Rabotnov . - M .: Thought , 1976 .-- S. 73 .-- 360 p. - ( Reference guides to the geographer and traveler ).
- ↑ Blinova K.F. et al. Botanical-Pharmacognostic Dictionary: Ref. allowance / Under (inaccessible link) ed. K.F. Blinova, G.P. Yakovleva. - M .: Higher. school, 1990. - S. 192. - ISBN 5-06-000085-0 .
- ↑ Melnichenko T. A. Commodity research of perfumes and cosmetics "(for secondary specialized educational institutions). - Rostov: Phoenix, 2002. - P. 18.
- ↑ De database Geregistreerde cultivars
- ↑ Online database of AIS Check Lists and registered iris names
- ↑ Iris Classifications on The American Iris Society
- ↑ Pirogov Yu. Irises. - M .: ZAO Fiton +, 2009 - S. 8 - ISBN 978-5-93457-281-6
- ↑ Iris Check List of Registered Cultivar Names. 1990-1999./ Ed. Keith Keppel. - Hannibal, NY: The American Iris Society, Inc, 2001-549 p. - ISBN 1-892400-04-9
- ↑ Classification of genera Archived on April 26, 2012. on site The Royal Horticultural Society Archived March 26, 2012.
- ↑ Komarnicki L. Interspecies and Interseries Crosses of Beardless Irises Archived July 30, 2013 on the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Garden classification of irises on the ROI website
- ↑ B. Dahl ERIGATE - SEARCH.
Literature
- Rodionenko G.I. Rod Iris - Iris L. - M. - L., 1961. - 216 p.
- Irises / Ed. Doctor of Biological Sciences Rodionenko G.I. - M .: Kolos, 1981. - 156 p.
- Bondarenko L. Iridodictiums // Floriculture: Journal. - 2004. - No. 2 .
- G.I. Rodionenko. On the independence of the genus Xyridion (Iridaceae) // Botanich. journal - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg. ed. firm "Science" RAS, 2005. - T. 90 , no. 1 . - S. 55-59 . - ISSN 0006-8136 .
Links
- Kasatik // Great Soviet Encyclopedia : [in 30 vol.] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov . - 3rd ed. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978. (Retrieved November 14, 2009)
- Kasatik // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907. (Retrieved November 14, 2009)
- Iris on the site Encyclopedia of ornamental garden plants .
- Siberian iris yesterday, today and tomorrow. Bulletin of the AIS. on the site Garden of Iris. (Translation from English.)
- Pirogov Yu. Siberian irises. on the site Garden of Iris.
- Pirogov Y. Spuria irises. on the site Garden of Iris.
- Aril Irises International - The site of the most significant association of iris lovers of the Onco and Regelia sections.
- Hermann Hesse "Iris"
- British iris society
- Golikov K. Garden classification of irises . KTs Green line. Date of appeal September 16, 2013.
- Golikov K. What else do you need to know about the classification of irises . Date of appeal September 16, 2013.
- Golikov K. Agrotechnics of irises . Date of appeal September 16, 2013.