Pannonia

Julius Pokorny derives the word from the Illyrian language using the Proto-Indo-European root * pen “moisture, water, dampness” ^[1] .

Initially, Pannonia is a region inhabited by Illi-speaking tribes ( Gava-Goligrad culture ): Pannonians , Brevkov , Karnov , Dardanians and those who came here in the 4th — 3rd centuries. BC er Celtic tribes, in particular, skarddisk .

From the beginning of the 1st century ( 9–10 years ), the Roman province occupied the territories of present-day western Hungary , eastern Austria , eastern Croatia, and, partly, Slovenia and Serbia . The main cities of the provincial administration were Aquinc , Carnunte , Sirmium , Moors and Petovius . Celts living in the provinces lived in separate settlements ( civitates ).

In the year 108, Traian divided Pannonia into Upper ( Superior ) - with the center in Carnunte, and Lower ( Inferior ) - with the center in Akvink. The first was managed by the consular legate , the second by the prehtory , and starting with Marcus Aurelius , also by the consular. The first procurator of Lower Pannonia was Adrian .

In 166, the Lombards and the Obie invaded Pannonia.

In 213, the area around was included in Upper Pannonia.

B 214 - 215 years, Pannonia survived the invasion of quad , in 254 and 259 - 260 years - also Markomans and languages .

The administrative reform of Diocletian divided Pannonia into four parts, with the main cities of Carnunte, Aquinc, and Brighetion, Savia and Siskia, Sirmium and Moors.

Finally, in 396, Rome was forced to grant Markomans, Quadam and Vandals , as well as allegedly to the Swedes , who had settled in Pannonia, the status of federates ( foederati ).

The world of 482 fixed Pannonia to the Ostrogoths ^[2] .

In addition to mountainous areas, the territory of Pannonia was infertile, especially after the forests were cut down at Sample and Galliena - until that time the wood here was one of the main export items. Oats and barley prevailed among the crops, from which the inhabitants brewed a beer called sabaea . Vineyards and olive trees were cultivated on a small scale. A certain role, besides Norik , was played by iron and silver mines. Pannonia was also known for breeding hounds , which hunted boar and bison .

In the 4th century, Pannonia became increasingly subject to raids by barbarians , and Aquinkas began to decline. A century later, the Roman defensive lines were broken by the Huns .

In the 6th century, the Avars conquered Pannonia in alliance with the Lombards .

In the 9th century there existed a Slavic Blaten principality .

From 1018 to 1180, the united Pannonia was part of Byzantium .

• Aquinc
• Carnunt
• Mursa
• Petovy
• Sirmium
• Terme Pannonica ( eng. Thermae Pannonicae )
• Savia

• 14 - Junius Blaise
• 35 - Kalvizy Sabin
• 49 - 50 - Palpellia Istres
• 68 - 69 - Tampy Flavian
• 107 - 109 - Publius Eli Adrian
• 112 - T. Julius Maxim Manlian
• 134/135 - L. Attiy Macron
• 136/137 - L. Tseioni Commodus
• 143 - Claudius Maxim
• 144 - M. Pontius Lelian Larcius Sabin
• 154 - M. Noni Macrin
• 160 - M. Yally Bassiy Fabii Valerian
• 175/176 - G. Vecius Sabinian Julius Gosp
• 189/193 - Septimius North
• 199/200 - T. Claudius Claudian
• 212 - G. Julius Sept (imy) Kastin
• 214 - L. Cassius Marcellinus
• 218 - Pontius Pontian
• 260 - P. Guy Regalian
• 268/270 - L. Domitius Aurelian
• 283/284 - M. Aurelius Julian

Many emperors of the late empire were born in Pannonia - Decius Traian , Gerennius Etruscus , Gostilian , Aurelian , Probus , Constantius II , Jovian , Valentinian I , Valentinian II , Valentin and Gratian .

• Pannonia // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary : 86 t. (82 t. And 4 add.). - SPb. , 1890-1907.