Acra is a small ancient Greek port city (according to ancient Greek authors - a small village) in the Crimea , which existed from the end of the VI century BC. e. to the 4th century AD e. It was located at the southernmost point of the Kerch Strait , at the foot of Cape Takil (according to Strabo - the ice-free port of the Kingdom of the Bosporus [1] ). Due to the lowering of the coast, part of the settlement - layers of the IV century BC. e., including a 30-meter section of the defensive wall, is under water. Acre is called "Crimean Atlantis " [2] .
| Ancient city | |
| Acre | |
|---|---|
| Region | Kingdom of bosporus |
| Based | VI century BC e. |
| Ruined | IV century AD e. |
| Causes of destruction | went under water |
| The name of the settlement | Acre (Crimea) | Acre |
| Composition of the population | Greeks |
| Modern location | Crimea, south of the village of Naberezhnoye |
Content
Research
In addition to Strabo, Acre was mentioned by Ptolemy , Stephen of the Byzantine , in the midst of Pseudo-Arrian and Elius Herodian .
The first survey in 1976 was conducted by the researchers of the ancient settlement of Kitey E. A. Molev and N. V. Moleva. Anthropomorphic steles and the amphora stigma of Rhodes were found on the coastal terrace south of the scientific base of AzCHERNIRO, on the beach - Hellenistic ceramics. In the early 1980s On a sandy spit between Lake Yanysh and the sea by A.V. Kulikov near the scientific base of AzCHERNIRO, more than one hundred and fifty antique coins and other antique objects were found. These findings prompted further research. A. Kulikov was also the first to sketch the outlines of the coast in the area of the fortification. In the summer of 1982, V.N. Kholodkov (Kerch Museum) conducted the first excavations, both on the census and on the hill south of the lake, during which cultural strata of the ancient era were discovered without a clearly pronounced stratigraphy. A.N. Shamray discovered the remains of an ancient wall under water and a well. In 1983-1985 K.K. Shilik (LOIA AN SSSR) began underwater exploration of this region and established that the ancient city lies at a depth of 4, and to the east of it, harbor and more deeply to a depth of 7 m. In the course of underwater reconnaissance, defensive walls, two towers and a well were discovered, in the filling of which seven amphorae of Heraclea of Pontius IV were found. BC e., fragments of black varnish dishes, a fragment of a lead anchor rod, wooden parts made on a lathe. Archaeological studies of Acra, both on land and in its underwater part, in 1994-1997. continued A.V. Kulikov (Kerch Museum-Reserve).
Since 2011, the archaeological study of the monument has been carried out by the joint expedition of the Black Sea Underwater Research Center (until 2012, the Department of Underwater Heritage of the IA NAS of Ukraine) and the State Hermitage Museum, and the project managers are V.V. Vakhoneev and S. L. Solovyov.
The monument is registered and protected by the state.
Since 2016, with the support of the Kerch City District and the Kerch-Yenikal Society of History and Antiquities , archaeological expeditions have been conducted at the fortress of Akra.
Geography
The city occupied the northeastern end of the cape formed by the mouth of the ancient nameless river and the Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait). Its territory probably had the form of a trapezoid with an area of about 3.5 hectares, which is now almost completely hidden by the waters of the Black Sea, with the exception of a small western section on a sand lintel, which turned the mouth of the river into a modern lake Yanysh off the coast of the Kerch Strait. Due to the transgression of the Black Sea, which began around the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e., the ancient city turned out to be at a depth of 4 m. The peculiarities of the wave regime in this part of the coast of the Kerch Peninsula led to the fact that the cultural layers of the ancient city were mostly not washed out and its buildings were not completely destroyed, but only partially covered with sea sand.
Notes
- ↑ Treasures of Acre
- ↑ Acre - Crimean Atlantis . Date of treatment August 11, 2012. Archived October 1, 2012.
Literature
- Vakhoneev V.V. Topography and layout of the ancient settlement of Acre // Bospor readings. - Vol. Xiii. - Kerch, 2012 .-- S. 75-79.
- Grabovetsky S.V., Kulikov A.V. Survey of the ancient settlement in the region of Lake Yanysh: (East Crimea) // Study of the monuments of the sea. archeology. - Vol. 3. - SPb., 1998. - S. 80-83.
- Look for Kondratov A.M. Atlantis on the shelf. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988. - ISBN 5-286-00081-9
- Kulikov A.V. Archaeological reconnaissance on the site of Akra // Archaeological Studies in Crimea. 1994 - Simferopol, 1997.
- Kulikov A.V. On the localization of the ancient city of Acre (according to numismatic sources) // Bosporus of Cimmeria and Pontus in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. / Materials of the II Bospor readings. Kerch, 2001 .-- S. 56-68.
- Kulikov A.V. On the chronology of cultural layers of the ancient city of Akra // Bosporus phenomenon: problems of the chronology and dating of monuments. - SPb., 2004 .-- S. 160-163.
- Molev E.A., Moleva N.V. Intelligence at Cape Takil // Archaeological discoveries of 1976. M., 1977. - S. 342—343.
- Shamray A.N. Underwater intelligence of the harbor of Acre // Sudova archeologiya ta pidvodnі doslіdzhennya. - Zaporizhzhia, 1993 .-- S. 29–41.
- Shilik K.K. On the localization of Acre // Problems of History and Archeology of East Crimea. - Kerch, 1984. - S. 19.
- Shilik K.K. Localization of ancient Acre as an example of a comprehensive analysis in historical and geographical research // TD meeting Complex methods in the study of history from ancient times to the present day. - M., 1984. - S. 108-111.
- Shilik K.K.Detection of Ancient Acre // Problems of Protection and Research of Underwater Historical and Archaeological Monuments of Zaporozhye. - Zaporozhye, 1987. - S. 11-12.
- Shilik K.K. Underwater archaeological reconnaissance off the coast of the Kerch Peninsula // TD Crimean Scientific Conference "Problems of Ancient Culture". ІІІ part. Simferopol, 1988 .-- S. 226-228.
- Kulikov AV Akra and its Chora // Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea 2. - Vol. 2. - Oxford, 2007 .-- P. 1023-1056.
Links
- Archaeological map of Crimea. Acre
- Greek Atlantis on the East coast of Crimea
- Travel to Crimean Atlantis (2012)
- Underwater archaeologists study the ancient city of Acre near Kerch (2012)
- Expedition to the city at the bottom of the Black Sea: stone manors, a well and treasures
- Walking the streets of the ancient Greek city with scuba gear
- 1983-1985 underwater archaeologists discovered the village of Acre - the legendary homeland of Achilles