Delhi Sultanate

At the source of the sultanate stood the Gurids , who came from the Afghan region of Gore . At the end of the 12th century, Muhammad Guri , who made Lahore his capital, subjected northwestern India to regular raids. His commander Qutb-ud-Din Aibek , who captured India after the victories of Taraori (1192) and Chanadavar (1194), after the death of his patron, deposited himself from Lahore and proclaimed himself the Delhi Sultan.

The first sultans, being Turks, were culturally and politically opposed to the Iranian-speaking world, but the third Sultan Iltutmys secured the strategic points of the North Indian Plain and finally settled in Delhi. After 30 years of strife that followed his death in 1236, Giyas ud-Din Balban ascended the throne, who had to defend the sultanate from the militant Rajputs and the invasion of the Mongols .

At the end of the 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate reached the pinnacle of its power. Sultan Ala ud-Din Haldzhi conquered Gujarat (c. 1297) and Rajasthan (1301-12) and defended his possessions from the invasion of the Chagatai from Maverannakhr . The movement to the south started by him and his heirs created the prerequisites for the disintegration of the state. Under Sultan Muhammad Shah Ibn Tuglak , who transferred the capital from Delhi to the Dean , the Muslim army went further south than ever before, up to Madurai , where the Madurai Sultanate was founded.

Tuglak attempted to solve the problem of managing disparate regions by building the second capital of the state in the south, in Daulatabad . This enterprise failed, and already in 1347 the Dekan aristocracy ceased to recognize the authority of the Delhi monarch. Of the lands that had fallen away from Delhi, the Bahmanida Sultanate was formed . The final blow to the Tuglakid state was the ruin of Delhi by Tamerlane in 1398–99 . After that, the Sultanate became a purely regional political force.

The last rise of the Sultanate was observed after the arrival of the Afghan Lodi dynasty in Delhi in 1451. During these years, waves of immigrants from the northwest poured into North India. In 1526, the Sultanate fell under the blow of another newcomer from the northwest - Babur , who founded the Mughal Empire . After his death, Sher Shah Suri briefly restored the Sultanate with its capital in Delhi and attempted to reform it, but the heirs of Sher Shah could not oppose the onslaught of the Great Moguls .

In the 14th century, the Sultanate maintained trade contacts with Eastern Europe. On the territory of Russia and Ukraine, the finds of several dozen gold and several copper coins minted in Delhi (mainly finds in the Crimea, the Volga region and the North Caucasus) are known ^[3] .

Gulamov dynasty

• 1206 - 1210 Qutb ad-din Aybak (in 1192 - 1206 Malik Lahore )
• 1210-1211 Aram Shah

Shamsia Dynasty

• 1211-1236 Shams ad-din Iltutmish
• 1236-1236 Rukn ad-Din Firuz Shah I
• 1236-1240 Jalalat ad-din Raziya-Begum
• 1240 - 1242 Muizz ad-Din Bahram Shah
• 1242-1246 Ala ad-din Masud Shah
• 1246-1266 Nasir ad-din Mahmud-shah I (in 1227 - 1229 Malik of Bengal )

Balban Dynasty

• 1266-1287 Giyas ad-Din Balban (in 1259 - 1260 Malik of Bengal )
• 1287-1289 Muizz ad-din Kai-Qubad
• 1289-1290 Shams ad-din Kayumers

• 1292 - 1296 Jalal ad-Din Firuz Shah II
• 1296 - 1296 Rukn ad-din Ibrahim Shah I
• 1296 - 1316 Ala ad-Din Muhammad Shah I
• 1316 - 1316 Shihab ad-Din Umar Shah
• 1316 - 1320 Qutb ad-din Mubarak Shah I
• 1320 - 1320 Nasir ad-Din Khusrou Shah ( usurper )

• 1320 - 1325 Giyas ad-Din Tuglak Shah I
• 1325 - 1351 Giyas ad-Din Muhammad Shah II
• 1351-1351 Giyas ad-Din Mahmud Shah II ( ruled for less than a month )
• 1351 - 1388 Firuz Shah III
• 1388 - 1389 Giyas ad-Din Tuglak Shah II
• 1389 - 1390 Abu Bakr Shah
• 1390 - 1393 Nasir ad-Din Muhammad Shah III
• 1393 - 1393 Ala ad-Din Sikandar Shah I
• 1393 - 1395 Nasir ad-Din Mahmud Shah III (II)
• 1395 - 1399 Nusrat Shah
• 1399-1413 Nasir ad-Din Mahmud Shah III (II) ( repeat )

• 1413-1414 Daulat Khan

• 1414-1421 Sayid Khizr Khan
• 1421-1434 Muizz ad-Din Mubarak Shah II
• 1434-1445 Muhammad Shah IV
• 1445-1451 Ala ad-din Alam Shah (d. 1478 )

• 1451-1489 Bahlul Khan
• 1489 - 1517 Sikandar Shah II
• 1517 - 1526 İbrahim Shah II

• 1539 - 1545 Sher Shah
• 1545 - 1554 Islam Shah
• 1554 - 1554 Firuz Shah IV ( ruled for one month )
• 1554 - 1555 Adil shah
• 1555 - 1555 İbrahim Shah III
• 1555 - 1555 Sikandar Shah III

• Alaev L. B. Medieval India. - SPb. : Aletheia, 2003. - 304 p. - ("Oriental Studies: textbooks and materials"). - ISBN 5-89329-590-0 .
• Bosworth K.E. Muslim dynasties. Handbook of chronology and genealogy. - M .: The main editorial board of the oriental literature of the Nauka publishing house , 1971. - p. 243-250.
• Gumilev L.N. Delhi Sultanate in the XIII century.
• Pachkalov A.V. Relations of the Golden Horde with India and China in the light of coin finds // Eurasia. Ethnocultural interaction and historical destinies. M., 2004. p. 204-206.
• Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India , v. 2, p. 368.