Javanese

Indonesia as a whole is inhabited since ancient times. Java among other islands earlier than others had a higher level of development. The early penetration of Hinduism and Buddhism , ties with India , had a great influence on the culture of Java. There are still many Hindu and Buddhist chandi temples in Central Java, including the famous Borobudur . Among the archaeological finds, the most ancient are the megaliths , a lot of bronze items, tools and decorations. In the VIII — X centuries, the Shailend dynasty dominated here. A little later, the empire state of Majapahit arises with the center in the area of ​​the modern village of Travulan near Mojocerto , which existed until the 16th century. The collapse of Majapahit coincided with the advent of the new religion of Islam , which the former vassals of Majapahit were adopting in the fight against the center. The further history of Java is closely connected with the general Indonesian, with the advent of Magellan here, then the Spanish and Dutch colonialists.

• The main occupation is farming . The main culture is rice . Polovigio is the common name for secondary crops ( corn , beans , soybeans , peas ). Rice is sown in the fields of two types. Sawah - irrigated field, tegal - dry ground.
• The tools are simple - a wooden plow , a hatchet, an ani'a harvest knife, a knife-cutter, sickle-shaped knives, a hoe (patch).
• Artel engaged in fishing , fishing with seines. In fishing, boats Prau-Mayang (large, takes up to 20 people), and Prau (small) are used.
• Crafts: batik making, weapons, boats, jewelry, pottery, carving. Batik is a specially dyed fabric, the basic colors are brown, purple, blue, red, less often white, green. Particularly appreciated by craftsmen who make crises (panda), this is a wavy traditional sword. In jewelry, it is not engraving that prevails, but chasing .
• Carving in Java is more an art than a craft . For carving there is wood, stone, bone, horn, walnut shells, carvings decorate furniture , caskets.

Spread weaving from split bamboo , leaves, herbs.

The village is called Kampung or Desa . It is divided into Dukuhi (blocks up to 100 houses). The house of the elder desa (Lurakha) stands out. In desy there are Langgar , that is, communal houses, sometimes mosques .

Traditional Javanese house - rectangular or square. It stands on a brick or adobe base, has a frame-pillar design. The frame and the roof are made of bamboo, the walls, the ceiling and the floor are woven bamboo. The richer used wood, boards, tiles . The pyramidal completion of the four-slope roof is a reminder of the ancient tower-like temples ( chandi ) and the mythical Mount Meru . From the veranda ( pendopo ), where guests are received, and previously married married sons and visiting relatives are accommodated , a narrow passage leads to the inner chambers, and the residential part itself is far away , where there is a place for rituals and meditations, where only family members have access. Here are the actual bedrooms, which are called senthong . In the traditional interior of the inhabitants of Java furniture was practically absent. Along the walls stood a different width of the bench, on which the utensils were placed during the day, and the bed was laid out at night. ^[one]

Transport prevails horse-drawn. Carts of different types:

• gerobak - covered, with wicker walls, 2-wheeled, with 2 bulls;
• andong - passenger, 4-wheel, light;
• dokar - 2-wheeled, with small Japanese horses;
• Becak - a 3-wheeled carriage.

Food does not differ from the general indonesian one. The main product is rice, which is fried in Javanese style, crumbly and consumed with vegetables and spices. The main national dishes are nasi goreng and nasiulam (rice with greens)). Eat fish, meat.

Traditional clothing - blanccon headdress, straight or slanting buttoned jacket with sleeves, wide belt stagen , Cain Samping (a type of sarong ) - for men; a kemben (a kind of top) or a badge of a kebaya (fitted jacket), a wide belt of stagen kain — for women.

In the village, the head is Lurakh (elder), then - kebayan (elder dukuhi). Kaum performs religious services. Peasants are divided into several degrees. Gogol or coolie kencheng owns a sawah, coolie gundul owns a savah but does not have a plot in the village and builds a house on a rented site, coolie karangkopek has a plot in the village and a house but does not have a field, margesari has no plot , no field, but has a house on a rented site, indung teolor - has nothing. The first make up the very rich interlayer. In marriage and family - the rules of Muslim law, families - monogamous , the rich may polygyny . The groom's father holds the initiative. Petukan paid (ransom). Marriage is made in a mosque. Preferred marriages with the daughter of the mother's brother, between second cousins. Sorots and Levirate are not approved. Families have many children. The relationship of kinship is bilateral . Children are denoted not by sex, but by generation; kakang is a big brother and sister, and adi are younger brother and sister. To clarify the gender, the word lanang (male) or vedok (female) is added.

Literature in Javanese is one of the oldest in Indonesia. Popular divination reference books primbon . Music, dances, and theater are peculiar ^[2] . Among the monuments of architecture are the largest temples (chandi) - Borobudur , Lara Jongrang , Pavon ^[3] , Mendut, Kalasang.

Javanese people retain animism , with elements of Hinduism. The local spirits (Yang, Hyang) are equated with the gods; they bear the title Sang (Sangyang), the same as Shiva and Allah . The good spirits are the Demites, the evil ones are the lelemboos, the locals, and the gins and raksas are the borrowed ones. Danyang-desa is worshiped - the patron of the village, and the devi-Sri - the goddess of rice. The cult sends Dukun ( shaman ), pacifying spirits. The attribute of Dukun (shaman) is a Dukun rod , it is a wooden bar with images of perfumes carved on it.

• Indonesians

• Peoples of Southeast Asia, ethnographic essay ed. A. A. Huber et al., M.-1966.
• Peoples of the world, ed. Yu. V. Bromley, M., 1988.
• Java culture: Towards the characteristics of the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia. MII. Issue Iii. M .: Mosk. Phil. Geogr. Society of the USSR, 1989. 84 p.