Dialects of Luzhitsky languages

Widespread in a relatively small area, Ludza languages ​​are distinguished by a large dialectal fragmentation. The presence of a large number of Luga dialects and dialects is due to the fact that throughout the history of the development of Luga-Serbian languages, they were limited mainly by the domestic sphere and were used only by the rural population of Lower and Upper Luzhniki . This led to the conservation of the dialectal features of each of the territorial groups of puddles . The isolation of the population of Luga villages was also facilitated by the absence of industrial centers in the area of ​​distribution of Luga languages ​​and, accordingly, the absence of population migration and the interaction of dialects among themselves ^[4] . An important reason for the preservation of dialectal differences among the Ludic inhabitants (to a greater extent in Nizhny Luzhitsa) was the absence of a leveling effect of literary Ludic languages ​​on dialects and dialects, since in fact the ratio dialect : literary language in Ludic Serbs corresponds to the ratio Ludic language: German literary language ^[5] .

In the context of the process of transition from German-Ludice bilingualism to German monolingualism, the area of ​​distribution of Luzick dialects is constantly narrowing. Map of the comparative distribution of Serbo-Luzhitsky languages ​​in the XVII , XVIII , XIX centuries. shows that the Luzitsky area in this period was halved ^[6] . Such dialects as Zharovsky , Shtorkovsky and others disappeared relatively early ^[7] . Dialects noted by A. Muka in the 19th century also became extinct ^[8] . When compiling an atlas of the Serboluzhitsky language in the middle of the 20th century, the disappearance of a number of dialects and dialects in the border regions of Lugitsa and German, which were studied by dialectologists as early as the beginning of the 20th century, was noted ^[9] .

From the second half of the 20th century to the present, when the transfer of language from the older generation to the middle and younger has practically ceased (with the exception of the areas of the Catholic part of Upper Luzhniki) and the Luga youth are only acquainted with the literary language studied at school, the situation has developed. when the carriers of the Lower Luzhitsky dialects and parts of the Upper Luzhitsky are mostly elderly people, in active use the Upper Luzhitsky dialects are preserved only among Catholic Luzhic people ^{[10] [11]} . At the same time, the majority of native speakers of Luga’s languages ​​(as a rule, these are residents of rural areas) speak dialects, literary languages, Lower Luzhitsky and Upper Luzhitsky, own a small part of Luzhitsky people, mainly rural and urban intelligentsia ^[12] .

A. Muka was one of the founders of sorabistics , including her discipline such as dialectology, and in the second half of the 19th century he compiled the first detailed classification of Luzick dialects (Historische und vergleichende Laut- und Formenlegre der Niedersorbischen (Nieder-laesetzisch-wendischen) Sprache. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Grenzdialecte und des Obersorbischen ", 1891 ). In the future, imperfections of this classification were revealed, it was noted that some dialects identified by A. Muka did not actually oppose other dialects, but are part of them ^[13] .

Separate dialects are devoted to the works of L. V. Shcherba ( Muzhak dialect ) ^{[~ 1] [14]} , A. Schroeder ( Slepian dialect ) ^[15] , as well as the work of several other scholars of Luga dialects.

The study of Serboluzhitsky dialects by the methods of linguistic geography is based on the work of the Polish scientist Z. Stieber and the Luga dialectologist Pavol Wirth , who created in the 30s. XX century "Essays on the Sorbian (Vendian) linguistic atlas" (Beiträge zum sorbischen (wendischen) Sprachatlas). After the Second World War, studies of Serbo-Luzhitsky dialects were conducted according to a special program and an atlas of the Serbo-Luzhitsky language (ASLA) was compiled. Materials for the atlas, containing 2800 questions, were collected in 138 settlements until 1966 . ASLA's first volume was released in 1967 . ASLA maps reflect the phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical differentiation of Serbo-Luzhsky dialects ^[9] .

Bunches of isogloss of the main dialectal phenomena pass through the territory of the spread of Luguz languages ​​in such a way that they share two main areas - Lower Luzhitsky in the north and Upper Luzhitsky in the south. Between them is the so-called intermediate zone, which is defined as ^[3] :

• the intersection area of ​​the majority of isoglosses between the Lower Luzhitsky and Upper Luzhitsky ranges;
• area of contamination ;
• an area characterized by relative independence and isolation;

Also, the intermediate zone is characterized by the largest number of deviations from the literary norms of Luga languages. The Lower Luzhitsky and Upper Luzhitsky areas coincide with the regions of the ancient settlements of the Serbluzhitsky tribes , the region of transitional (borderline) dialects was populated mainly in the late Middle Ages ^[3] .

The Lower Luzhitsky and Upper Luzhitsky dialectal areas are also not homogeneous. Thus, large bundles of isogloss intersect the Upper Luzitsky area, one of which, probably after the Reformation of the 16th century , separates the Catholic regions of the Upper Luzhnitsa from the Protestant ones; the other two, passing north of Budishin , were formed under the leveling influence of the cultural and commercial center of the Upper Puddle ^[3] .

Speakers of Luga dialects are characterized by their own peculiarities: differences in speech of older and younger generations of Luda residents (the use of different reinforcing particles for some indicative pronouns in the holders of Catholic Upper Sorbian dialects, the use of various vowels in the speakers of some Lower Sorbian dialects, etc.); the isogloss shift to the north on the western border of the Upper Sorbian range, which occurred over three centuries, revealed on the basis of the study of historical and synchronous material, etc. ^[16]

There are several classifications of Luzick dialects and several dialectological maps.

1. Classification of the Luga dialects compiled by A. Muka ^{[17] [18]} :

   Lower Luzhitsky dialectal area

   • East Cottus dialect.
   • East Peitts dialect.
   • East Spremberg dialect.
   • West Cottus dialect.
   • West Peitts dialect.
   • West Spremberg dialect.
   • Guba dialect.
   • Zharovsky dialect.
   • Beskov-Shtorkovsky dialect.
   • Spreewald dialect.

   Transitional (borderline) dialects

   • Muzhakovo dialect .
   • East-border (slepyanskaya) dialect .
   • Middle boundary dialect.
   • West border dialect.

   Verkhnyaya Luzhitsky dialectal range

2. The classification of Luga’s dialects presented on the map in the first volume of the Serboluzhitsa dialectological atlas ^{[19] [20]} , based on the classification of A. Muki with a number of changes and additions ^[21] :

   Lower Luzhitsky dialectal area

   • Cottbus-Spremberg dialects:
     • East Cottus dialect.
     • East Peitts dialect.
     • East Spremberg dialect.
     • West Cottus dialect.
     • West Peitts dialect.
     • West Spremberg dialect.
   • Guba dialect.
   • Spreewald dialect.

   Transitional (borderline) dialects

   • Muzhakovo dialect .
   • Actually transitional dialects:
     • Western transitional dialect.
     • Central transitional dialect.
     • Eastern (slepian) transitional dialect .

   Verkhnyaya Luzhitsky dialectal range

   • Eastern Upper Slug dialects:
     • Eastolan (Dubitsky) dialect .
     • Kholmsky dialect.
     • Lubian dialect.
   • Central, or Bautzen, dialects:
     • Golan dialect .
     • Budishinsky (Bautzen) dialect .
     • Mountain dialect.
   • Western or Kamenets dialects:
     • Voerovsky dialect.
     • Catholic dialect .
     • Upper Uyezd dialect.
3. The classification of the Luga dialects presented on the map in the book of H. Schuster-Shevets ^[1] :

   Lower Luzhitsky dialectal area

   • Vetoshovsky dialect ( n.-puddle. Wětošojska narěc , German: Vetschauer Dialekt ).
   • East Cottus dialect ( n.-puddle. Pódwjacorna Chóebuska narěc , German Westlicher Cottbuser Dialekt ).
   • West Cottus dialect ( n.-puddle. Pódzajtšna Chóśebuska narěc , German Östlicher Cottbuser Dialekt ).

   Transitional (borderline) dialects

   • West Spremberg dialect ( W. puddle. Zapad. Grodkowska narěč , N. pudd . Pódwjacorna Grodkojska narěc , German: Westlicher Spremberger Dialekt ).
   • East - Premberg dialect ( W. puddle. Wuchod. Grodkowska narěč , N. pudd . Pódzajtšna Grodkojska narěc , German Östlicher Spremberger Dialekt ).
   • Koshinsky dialect ( V. puddle. Košynska narěč , N. puddle. Kóšyńska narěc , German Großkoschener Dialekt ).
   • Voerov dialect ( W. puddle. Wojerowska narěč , N. puddle. Wórjejska narěc , German Hoyerswerdaer Dialekt ).
   • Spreichan dialect ( W. puddle Sprjejčanska narěč , N. puddle Šprjejčańska narěc , German Spreewitzer Dialekt ).
   • Slepian dialect ( V.-puddle. Slepjanska narěč , N.-puddle. Slěpjańska narěc , German: Schleifer Dialekt ).
   • Muzhakovo dialect of V.-puddles. Mužakowska narěč , n.-puddle. Mužakojska narěc , German Muskauer Dialekt ).
   • Pushchansky (Nokhtensky) dialect of V.-puddles. Wochožanska narěč , n.-puddle. Wochozańska narěc , German Nochtener Dialekt ).

   Verkhnyaya Luzhitsky dialectal range

   • Voslinczian dialect (east puddle. Wóslinčanska narěč , German Oßlinger Dialekt ).
   • Kulovsky dialect ( V.-puddle. Kulowska narěč , German: Wittichenauer Dialekt ).
   • Catholic dialect ( V.-puddle. Katolska narěč , German: Katholischer Dialekt ).
   • Budishinsky (Bautzen) dialect ( V.-puddle. Budyska narěč , German: Bautzener Dialekt ).
   • Golan dialect ( V.-puddle. Holanska narěč , German: Heidedialekt ).
   • East Dutch dialect ( east puddle. Wuchodna holanska narěč , German Östlicher Heidedialekt ).
4. In the collective monograph “Serboluzhitsky language” (authors - G. Ench, A. Yu. Nedoluzhko, S. S. Skorvid ) the following Luga dialects are mentioned ^[11] :

   Lower Luzhitsky dialectal area

   • Hoshebuz dialect.
   • Northwest dialect.
   • Northeastern dialect.
   • Vetoshovsky dialect.
   • Spremberg dialect.
   • The dialect of the village of Rogov (Khorno).

   Transitional (borderline) dialects

   • Dialects of the surroundings of the settlements of Muzhak (Muskau), Blind (Loop), Spreyts (Spreewitz), Zabrod (Zabrodt), Blyun (Bluno), Vojerets (Hoyersverda), Koshiny (Grosskoshen), as well as Evil Komorov (Senftenberg).

   Verkhnyaya Luzhitsky dialectal range

   • Western dialects:
     • Catholic dialect .
     • Kulovsky dialect .
   • Central dialects:
     • Budishinsky dialect .
     • Golan dialect .
   • Oriental dialects:
     • East Golan dialect and others.

• Luzhichans
• Luzhitsky languages
• Lower Luzhitsky language
• Upper Luzhytsky language

Comments

Sources

• Shcherba L.V. Vostochnoluzhitskoe narѣche . - Pg. , 1915.
• Mucke KE Historische und vergleichende Laut- und Formenlegre der Niedersorbischen (Nieder-laesetzisch-wendischen) Sprache. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Grenzdialecte und des Obersorbischen. - Leipzig, 1891.