Tho ( Vietnamese. Thô ) , also Ngan, Phen, Tai Tho, Tày, Print “Thô” (derogatory), Thu Lao, T'o - the collective name of several Thai languages spoken in northern Vietnam, spoken by the peoples defined by the government like tho .
| Tho | |
|---|---|
| Self name | Thô / tʰo / |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Total number of speakers | 1,630,000 in Vietnam (2009) |
| Classification | |
| Category | Languages of Eurasia |
Tai kadai family
| |
| Writing | latin |
| Language Codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | tyz |
| Ethnologue | |
| IETF | |
| Glottolog | |
Varieties
Some tho languages are Central Thai , others - southwest Thai and related to the Nung dialects. The classification of nung and tho is controversial among researchers [1] [2] .
Central
Central Thai languages tho: [2]
- Tai Baolak ( Tày Bảo Lạc ) is common in Baolak (west of Kaobang province);
- Thai Chung Khan ( Tày Trùng Khánh ) is common in Chung Khan, northeast of Kaobang. describes this species as more conservative than the dialect of Langshon and Lungzhou (Guangxi);
- thulao is a language with 200 native speakers spoken in Mueong Khuong ( Laokai ). It is almost identical to the Yunnan [2] .
Southwest Thai
- distributed in the province of Laokai . The number of carriers - 300;
- common in Myongtak (east of Shonla [3] ;
- padi ( pa31 zi31 ) is a recently discovered language common in Mueong Khuong (Laokai). 300 carriers
- Taithan ( Tày Thanh ) - language with 20,000 native speakers in the central northern provinces of Thanh Hoa and Ngean;
- taimyong ( Tày Muong ) - a language spoken in the vicinity of Kishon ( Kỳ Sơn ) , Ngean.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front row | Middle row | Back row | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top lift | i iː | ɯ ɯː u uː | |
| Medium rise | e eː | ə ə əː əː | o oː |
| Lower rise | ɛ ɛː | a aː | ɐ ɐ ɔ ɔː |
Consonants
| Gub.Gub. | Alveolus. | Post Alveolus. | Middle-aged. | Gulp. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centre. | Side. | Palatal. | Posterior. | |||||
| Explosion. | Deaf | p p pj pʲ | t t | k k | ||||
| Ringing. | b b bj bʲ | d d | ||||||
| Sigh | ph pʰ phj pʰʲ | th tʰ | kh kʰ | |||||
| Gulp. | ʔb ʔb ʔbj ʔbʲ | ʔd ʔd | ||||||
| Fricat. | Deaf | f f | s s | ɫ ɫ | x x | h h | ||
| Ringing. | v v | z z | ɣ ɣ | |||||
| Affre | c ʧ | |||||||
| Plav. | r r | l l | ||||||
| Nose. | m m | n n | ɲ ɲ | ŋ ŋ | ||||
| Halfglass. | w w | y j | ||||||
Writing
Tho uses writing in Latin graphic style. The alphabet has the following form: A a, Ă ă, Â â, B b, By by, C c, Ch ch, D d, Đ đ, E e, Ê ê, G g, Gi gi, H h, I i, Ia ia, Iê iê, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, My my, N n, Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh, O o, Ô ô, Ơ ơ, P p, Ph ph, Py py , P 'p', P'y p'y, Qu qu, R r, S s, Sl sl, T t, Th th, Tr tr, U u, Ua ua, Uô uô, Ư ư, Ưa ưa, Ươ ươ, V v, X x, Y y . Tones are indicated by superscripts (in combination with the letter a - á, ả, à, ạ, ã, ā [4] .
See also
- South Zhuang
Notes
- ↑ Edmondson, Jerold A., Solnit, David B. (eds). 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Map & Language Descriptions | Borderlands: Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam
- ↑ Donaldson, Jean; Edmondson, Jerold A. 1997. “A preliminary examination of Tay Tac.” In Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch , Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 235-266. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ C. Day, J. Day. Thổ-Vietnamese-English dictionary . - SIL, 1962. - 99 p.
Links
- Tho on ethnologue