The First Spanish Republic ( Spanish Primera República Española ) is a political system proclaimed by parliament ( Cortes ) on February 11, 1873 and lasting until December 29, 1874 , when General Arsenio Martinez-Campos organized the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty . The republic was proclaimed after the abdication of the Spanish king Amadeus I , which occurred as a result of an acute social crisis and the outbreak of the Second Carlist War, on February 10, 1873. The next day, February 11, Spain was proclaimed a republic by a parliamentary majority consisting of radicals, Republicans, and Democrats.
Historical state | |||||
First Spanish Republic | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spanish La Primera República Española | |||||
| |||||
Motto : “ Plus Ultra ” | |||||
Anthem : | |||||
Map of the colonial expansion of the Spanish Empire. | |||||
← → 1873 - 1874 | |||||
Capital | Madrid | ||||
Languages) | Spanish | ||||
Religion | Catholicism | ||||
Currency unit | Peseta | ||||
Form of government | Presidential republic |
Republican leaders planned to create a federal republic, but did not immediately proclaim it, but instead planned to convene the constituent Cortes to write a federal constitution. The radicals preferred a unitary republic with a much smaller role for the provinces, and as soon as the republic was declared, both sides turned against each other. Initially, the radicals were largely removed from power, joining those who had already been squeezed out of political life by the 1868 revolution or the Carlist wars.
The first attempt to create a republic in Spain was a short-lived experience and was characterized by deep political and social instability and outbreaks of violence. The republic was governed by four presidents in turn, before the result of a military coup, General Manuel Pavia was not under the control of Francisco Serrano , who immediately announced the restoration of the monarchy with King Alfonso XII . The republic actually ceased to exist on January 3, 1874.
History of Spain | |||
Prehistoric Iberia | |||
The conquest of Spain by Rome | |||
Roman Spain | |||
Medieval spain | |||
Visigoths | |||
Kingdom of Galicia | |||
Byzantine Spain | |||
al andalus | |||
Reconquista | |||
Spanish empire | |||
Catholic kings | |||
Habsburg Spain | |||
Enlightenment Spain | |||
Spain modern and modern | |||
Revolution in spain | |||
First Spanish Republic | |||
Spanish restoration | |||
Second Spanish Republic | |||
Spanish Civil War | |||
Francoist Spain | |||
Modern spain | |||
see also | |||
Art of spain | |||
Portal "Spain" |
The short period of the republic’s existence was immediately marked by three civil wars: the Third Carlist War , the Cantonal Revolution in the metropolis and the ten-year war in Cuba , then the Spanish colony. Serious problems for strengthening the regime were the lack of true Republicans, their separation between federalists and Unitarians, as well as the lack of support from the population.
Proclamation of the First Republic
On February 11, 1873, Amadeus I gave up the throne when he was tired of intrigues in the kingdom of Spain. As a result of the August 1872 election, the majority of the votes in the Cortes belonged to the radical Democrats led by Manuel Ruiz Sorrilla and the Federal Republicans led by Francisco Pi-i-Margal . Supporters of the republic were split: adherents of federalism wanted to create a republic like the United States , Emilio Castelar advocated a unitary republic, Nicholas Salmeron held conservative positions, and General Manuel Pavia strove for a military republic. The constitutionalists of Praxedes Mateo Sagasta , the conservatives Francisco Serrano , the Carlists (supporters of the aspirant to the throne of Spain, Don Carlos ) and alpha- supporters (adherents of another challenger, Infanta Alfons ), led by Antonio Canovas del Castillo, were almost not represented in parliament.
The country itself at that moment was split: Don Carlos supported the north of the country, Barcelona strove for autonomy, Andalusia was strongly influenced by the socialists.
Cabinet of Estanislao Figueres
Despite the contradictions between the republican parties, the first government of Spain was formed, headed by the unionist Estanislao Figueres . Other leaders Pi-i-Margal , Salmeron and Castellar also gained seats in the republican government. Also, several ministers serving King Amadeus entered his cabinet: Jose Echegerai i Eisagirre , Becerra and others.
Federal Republic
On June 1, 1873, the first session of the Cortes opened and their work began. On June 7, a federal republic was proclaimed.
But there were many contradictions in the government. Figueres, feeling inability to cope with the situation, secretly from all left for France.
Francisco Pi-i-Margal Government
Power passed to the federalists Francisco Pi-i-Margala .
On June 16, a commission of 25 members was elected, which was to draft a new Constitution. The chairman of the commission was Castelard.
On June 28, Pi-i-Margal renewed the composition of his government, but due to the slowness and constant delays during the adoption of the new constitution, events developed at a high speed. In the south, cantonialism actively developing : On June 30, the municipality of Seville proclaimed the creation of a socialist republic, and on July 1, unyielding deputies left the Cortes. A week later, on July 9, Alcoy declared himself independent.
Several independent cantons appeared. The cantonal revolution took place in various regions of Valencia , Murcia and Andalusia. Independent cantons became Cadiz , Malaga , Seville , Granada , Valencia , Alcoy , Cartagena , Almansa , Torrevieja , Castellon , Salamanca , Bailen , Andujar , Tarifa , Algeciras , Camunyas and Jumilla .
The most famous of all was the canton of Cartagena. July 12, as a result of the agitation of Deputy Galves, an armored squadron revolted here.
In Andalusia, anarchists intensified. In the north, a Carlist movement spread across the Basque Country, Navarre and Catalonia. Challenger Carlos VII formed his own government in Estella , which began to mint a coin and tried to conduct foreign policy.
Pi-i-Margal was in a critical situation. To suppress the uprisings of the cantons, it was necessary to use violence, but Margal did not want this (since he believed that the rebels acted as part of his policy) and resigned a month later.
Nicola Salmeron's Office
He was elected president with 119 votes in favor and 93 against.
Belonged to federal moderate Republicans, defended the need to compromise with moderate or conservative groups, and advocated a slow transition to a federal republic.
Salmeron, as Minister in the government of Estanislao Figueres, initiated the abolition of the death penalty and advocated for the independence of the judiciary.
Generals were involved. Pavia with his troops was sent to Andalusia, and the army, under the command of Martinez Campos , - against Valencia and Cartagena.
General Pavia set out on a campaign around July 20 with 1,000 people. July 24, a detachment under the command of Ripoll took Cordoba. On July 30 or 31, Pavia took Seville with 3,000 people. Leaving the unit here, he moved to Cadiz, which was taken on August 4. Malaga was captured on August 3 , and Granada on August 8 . After this, Pavia’s troops succeeded in occupying Sanlúcar de Barrameda, San Roque, Tarifa, Algeciras. By August 10, most of Andalusia was occupied.
On July 26, Martinez Campos launched an offensive against Valencia. The city defended the forces of Campos from July 26 to August 8. After the capture of Valencia, Campos moved to Cartagena, which had one of the strongest fortresses in Spain. Campos 3000th Army besieged the city. But the siege was not very effective, while the Cartagena fleet dominated the sea.
The fleet of the canton of Cartagena, not being able to once again raise other cities against the First Spanish Republic, limited itself to threatening to bombard other coastal cities (participating in the cantonal revolution) and demanding the supply of food supplies and military indemnity in coins. In the event that they refused, a bombardment took place. [one]
The squadron was stopped by the intervention of the English fleet.
Emilio Castelara's Cabinet
On September 7th, Emilio Castellar became president, receiving 133 votes in favor and 67 against, received by Pi-i-Margal . Castellar set as his tasks: to revive the army, carry out reforms, put an end to the civil war, and after all this succeeds, unite the Spaniards and establish a republic. To do this, he began the reorganization of the army, called for the service of dismissed artillery officers: he made Pavia the viceroy in Madrid, sent Lopez Dominguez to Cartagena, Martinez Campos to Catalonia, and Moriones to Navarra. Castellar also relaxed church policies.
September 21, 1873 the country was declared martial law. Thanks to this, Seville, Malaga and Cadiz were captured, and on January 12, 1874, Cartagena also surrendered. But the third carlist war was unsuccessful for the republic.
Castellar's reforms provoked resistance from the federalists in the Cortes. This party sought to remove the president to the next parliament.
General Pavia invited Castellar to disperse the Cortes, believing that the resignation of the president would be “a wick from which the mines of anarchy would break out.” But the president refused it. January 2, 1874 at 14.00 a meeting of the Cortes of the new convocation opened. On the night of January 3, 10 hours after the election, they removed Castellar from power. On the morning of January 3, about 7 hours after the Cortes ’removal of the president, General Pavia’s troops occupied Madrid, and the two adjutants sent by him, offering the Cortes to disperse, dispersed the Cortes.
By this time, the Cortes were choosing a new chapter, the favorite of the elections was Eduardo Palanca. Upon learning that Pavia was going to disperse the parliament, some deputies wanted to run through the windows. But upon hearing the question: “But seniors: why jump out of windows if you can get out through doors?”, The deputies left the parliament without any resistance.
For a brief moment, all the power was in Pavia. He invited Castellar to return to the presidency, but he rejected this proposal, since non-democratic means were used. Pavius himself also rejected the desire to become a dictator. Marshal Francisco Serrano received the presidency. [2]
Unitary Republic
Francisco Serrano , Duke de la Torre, at the age of 63 again led Spain. The situation of the republic was difficult. Although on January 13, 1874, government forces managed to take possession of the last stronghold of the cantonalists - Cartagena, but an unsuccessful war with the Karlists drained the economy. The Carlists, whose army numbered up to 80 thousand in 1874, were able to block Bilbao at the beginning of the year, military operations from Navarra, Basque Country and Catalonia spread to Aragon and Valencia. In this situation, the republican government had to maintain an 85,000th army in Cuba and a 200,000th army in the Pyrenees. To feed the army, it took 40 million a month. In such a situation, Francisco Serrano proclaimed a unitary republic and began rule without convening the Cortes.
During his reign, he focused on the war against the Carlists. On May 1-2, 1874, Marshals Serrano and Concha succeeded in breaking through the blockade of Bilbao. Republican forces tried to defeat small Carlist troops. The president had to spend more time in the north than in Madrid. At this time, the clergy and alpha-sponsors began active propaganda in favor of the son of Isabella II - seventeen-year-old Alphonse. Not ending the war against the Carlists, Serrano with part of his army returned to the capital. The death of Marshal Conchi, which occurred on June 27 as a result of the defeat of the Republicans in the three-day battle near Estella (June 25-27), as well as the discontent of the military leaders with the way the government supplies the army, also reduced the number of supporters of Serrano. Generals in different parts of Spain were inclined to think of finding a more reliable candidate for the highest state post. Alphonse Bourbon arranged them, because he had more moderate views than Don Carlos and Isabella II, and also received a military education in the UK. Negotiations with him were led by General Canovas del Castillo. On December 1, Alphonse proclaimed the Sandkhert manifesto, in which he promised to be both a good Catholic and a liberal. Serrano again went to the northern army to war with the Carlists.
End of the First Republic
On December 29, 1874, Martinez Campos, the brigade commander, on the road from Sagunto to Valencia invited his subordinates to proclaim King Alfonso of Bourbon. He was supported by the commander of the center, General Howellar, reporting this to Madrid. The viceroy of Valencia refused to support the Alphonsons, but did not stop them from taking the city. When the capital learned about these events, Madrid split: the governor of Madrid, Fernando Primo de Rivera and part of the garrison supported the Alfonsists, another, led by Sagasta, were against it. Sagasta telegraphed reported events to President Serrano. He advised the ministers to capitulate, and he crossed the French border. After that, Alfonso was proclaimed king in the northern army.
Alfonso's supporters received seats in the government: Canovas became chairman of the Council of Ministers, Primo de Rivera - Minister of War, Martinez Campos Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army, Duke Sesto - Civil Governor of Madrid. Alfonso at the time of these events was in Paris . It was not until January 7, 1875, that he sat on a frigate in Marseilles, on January 10, arrived in Barcelona, January 11 in Valencia, and January 14 in Madrid, where he began his reign.
Notes
- ↑ Engels, 1961 .
- ↑ Lawiss and Rambo, 1939 .
Literature
- Friedrich Engels . Bakunists at work. Notes on the uprising in Spain in the summer of 1873 // K. Marx and F. Engels. Works / Prep. to the oven. I.A. Bach . - M .: Politizdat , 1961 .-- T. 18 , no. 2nd . - S. 457-474 .
- History of the XIX century / Ed. Lavissa and Rambo . Ed. 2nd, add. and rev. Ed. E.V. Tarle . - M .: Sotsekgiz, 1939.- T. 7. - S. 315-323. - 626 p. - 103,000 copies.
- Joseph A. Brandt. Toward the New Spain: The Spanish Revolution of 1868 and the First Republic (1977)
- Raymond Carr , ed. Spain: A History (2001)
Links
- First Spanish Republic . Liberia "New Herodotus" . Date of treatment August 28, 2012. Archived October 28, 2012.