Three Hita Karana ( Balinese. Tri Hita Karana, literally - “three sources of good” ) is a religious - ethical and social concept that is widespread among the indigenous people of the Indonesian island of Bali . Prescribes the establishment of harmonious relations with divine forces, nature and surrounding people. It is the ideological basis of the device of the traditional Balinese peasant community - subaka .
Essence and Origin
The literal meaning of the Balinese phrase is three hits of karana - “ three conditions of well-being ”, “ three sources of well-being ” ( tri - three, hita - well-being, karana - reason, condition ). In accordance with the traditions of Indonesian public vocabulary, the abbreviation of the concept - THK ( THK ) [1] [2] has become very common.
The concept itself was put into circulation relatively recently - in 1966 during a conference of representatives of the Hindu public, held by the provincial authorities of Bali [1] [3] . At the same time, the principles united by this term are the ethical basis of the life of traditional Balinese society for many centuries [1] [2] [3] .
The three principles that make up the THC [1] :
- Harmonious relationship of man with divine powers
- Harmonious relationship of man with nature
- Harmonious relationship of a person with other people
Despite the fact that almost all indigenous Balinese profess a special local variety of Hinduism , the principles of the TCK do not formally belong to the number of Hindu postulates and literally do not appear in canonical Hindu literature . Moreover, in their spirit, they are completely consistent with Hindu teachings and a significant part of the Balinese population is perceived as an integral element of religion , especially since the Hindu clergy are engaged in preaching the corresponding concept [1] [3] .
Social Role
Theoretically, three hits of the karana are designed to determine the way of Balinese behavior in all spheres of life, including family affairs, work and relationships with power structures. Most clearly, these principles are manifested in the structure and functioning of the traditional Balinese communities - Subaki , uniting a significant part of the agricultural population of the island. In fact, THC is the official ideology of such communities [2] [4] .
The key economic component of subak is the construction and joint operation of the irrigation system of flood rice fields , which implies a careful and prudent attitude to natural resources. The interaction between the community members, including the mobilization of funds, the organization of work and the distribution of profit, is carried out taking into account the characteristics of the financial situation of each of them. The central building of Subaka is a communal Hindu temple , the abbot of which accompanies all the main stages of agricultural work with the corresponding religious ceremonies and monitors the observance by community members of the principles of the cultural and cultural complex in work and personal life [2] [4] .
The principles of the THC and their implementation in the public order of the Balinese are the subject of international research. Major works have been devoted to relevant issues, in particular, by such prominent American anthropologists as Clifford Geertz and Stephen Lansing . Since the end of the 20th century, the Indonesian authorities have been making efforts to popularize the image of the traditional Balinese community, living according to the ideas of the TCK with an eye primarily to an international audience, trying to increase the tourist attractiveness of Bali [2] [5] [6] [7] .
In 2012, the Bali Subaki irrigation system was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List precisely as the material implementation of the Three Hits of Karan philosophy [8] [9] .
Notes
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Tri Hita Karana dalam Agama Hindu (indonesia) . Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 29, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Wayan Windia. Sustainability of Subak Irrigation System in Bali (Experience of Bali Island ) (PDF). Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 28, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 3 Ni Made Yudantini. Balinese Traditional Landskape (English) (PDF). Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 29, 2012.
- ↑ 1 2 Michael Mobbs. Bathurst Burr: Bali's self-repairing farming system . Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 28, 2012.
- ↑ Wasti Atmojo, Rita A. Widiadana. `Subak 'agricultural system proposed as world heritage . Jakarta Post (June 5, 2009). - The electronic version of the Jakarta Post newspaper. Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 28, 2012.
- ↑ Tri Hita Karana Assesment in Tanah Lot Bali . Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 29, 2012.
- ↑ Bali Tri Hita Karana (English) . Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 29, 2012.
- ↑ Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy (English) . UNESCO Date of treatment July 18, 2012. Archived on September 28, 2012.
- ↑ World Heritage List . UNESCO - List of World Heritage Sites on the official website of UNESCO. Date of appeal July 16, 2012. Archived on September 28, 2012.