Hillig, Goetz

The interest of German researchers in the scientific and pedagogical creativity and activities of A. S. Makarenko is long-standing and diverse. This is due to the fact that a number of specialists theoretically developed issues of labor education and training, and then tried to implement them. Among them, the most famous were the American John Dewey [1859-1952] with his "school of experience", two Germans: Georg Kershensteiner [1854-1932] with his "school of work" and Wilhelm Lai [1862-1926] with his "school of action" ^[6] and Stanislav Shatsky [1878-1934] with his colony "Peppy Life". In addition to them, a number of other Russian and foreign researchers of labor education and training, half-forgotten after the October Revolution, are also known ^[7] .

However, Makarenko, apparently familiar with the main of the aforementioned works, managed, as noted by a number of specialists, to advance noticeably further:

Kiev teacher N. Abashkina, for example, conducted a comparative analysis of the works of G. Kershensteiner and A. Makarenko. She and modern German scientists agree that Makarenko surpasses Kershensteiner in three positions. If Kershensteiner insisted more on labor skills that are necessary for working professions, then Makarenko ensured the growth of his pupils to “rabfak” and higher education. Kershenshteiner’s work was an element of training rather, while Makarenko’s was real labor activity (“labor-care” and “self-financing” are the best educators). Kershensteiner limited himself to the development of technological processes, and Makarenko rose to the organization of collective labor (his pupils were in the role of masters, foremen, designers, etc.) " ^[6]

However, fate ordered that Kershensteiner, having embodied four (out of eight possible and fully achieved by Makarenko) levels of labor training (given in the mentioned article), is considered from the pedagogical side to be one of the fathers of the “German miracle” (accelerated post-war recovery of the German economy), recognized as a legend world pedagogy, and Makarenko’s unclaimed experience, with rare exceptions, is gathering dust on the bookshelves of most CIS schools.

It is therefore understandable that German researchers were also interested in the more complete system of education and training proposed and, moreover, successfully implemented by A. S. Makarenko. Conferences on macarenology began to be held, and in February 1968, the Makarenko-abstract laboratory was founded in Marburg (headed by G. Hillig, employees of Z. Weitz and since 1974, I. Wil (Slavist)) ^[8] , are being prepared and published more accurately verified (without censorship and other distortions) the work of A. S. Makarenko. Goetz Hillig was one of those German researchers who took an active part in most of these endeavors.

For research by Hillig in Soviet times, there were fewer ideological prohibitions on the study and, especially, the publication of data, for example, on:

• communication of Makarenko with subsequently convicted Soviet leaders ( M. S. Pogrebinsky , V. A. Balitsky , etc.), the memory of which was first carefully destroyed, and then hushed up.
• national origin and self-identity A. S. Makarenko,
• his true political preferences, religion (born in 1888 - 29 years before the October Revolution in the Orthodox family), etc.
• Hillig, like other Western scholars, was less dependent on other Soviet censorship restrictions
• Hillig had more opportunities and fewer restrictions on meeting and communicating with Russian emigrants, including those living in Western Europe.

Therefore, many of the information collected by Hillig is not just illuminated with German accuracy, but contains important and, moreover, little-known facts and conclusions about the life and work of A. S. Makarenko.

Among these facts, which Hillig convincingly and justifiably made publicly available, were the conclusions:

• about the Russian origin and self-consciousness of A. S. Makarenko ^[9] ; The fact itself was known among Makarenko experts, as well as among the writers (see, for example, a farewell word on the death of A. S. Makarenko from the Union of Soviet Writers of the BSSR ^[10] ), but for various reasons in the printed works of Russian and Ukrainian no specialists were mentioned.
• the role of the head of the Ukrainian GPU V. A. Balitsky as the patron saint of the colony named after Gorky and Makarenko himself, the organizer of the commune. Dzerzhinsky and an invitation there in December 1927 to work as director A. S. Makarenko (half a year combining both positions before his dismissal by probation officers from the Gorky colony with the words “Makarenko’s system is not a Soviet system” (cited in ^[11] ). A. Balitsky also gave direct instructions to delete the name of Makarenko, already specified as a Trotskyist in the course of the case of his former boss A. S. Akhmatov in the autumn of 1936, etc. ^[12]
• not the Bolshevik political preferences of Makarenko before (and after) the October Revolution (according to Hillig, Makarenko preferred the social revolutionaries ( eSeRam )) ^[13] ;
• Hillig made a notable contribution to the question of the relationship between A. S. Makarenko and the equally well-known head of the Bolshevsky commune in the Moscow Region M. S. Pogrebinsky in the 1920s (the famous film “A Trip to Life ” was shot about it) ^[14] and on a host of other issues.

In total, G. Hillig prepared about 300 articles about Makarenko, he is the compiler of 8 volumes of the bilingual “Marburg Edition” of the Collected Works of the teacher-writer, as well as 25 issues of the international series “Opuscula Makarenkiana”, a number of which were prepared together with Ukrainian researchers of the heritage of A. S Makarenko. ^[15] .

For many years (from 1991 to 1998), Hillig carried out great scientific and organizational activities as President of the International Makarenko Association ^[16] , and from 2003 served as its vice president. He was also an associate member of the Society of Macarenologists Libora Pekhi ^[17] , a foreign member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine and the Russian Academy of Education and a number of other scientific and pedagogical societies and associations.

• It was Götz Hillig, together with Z. Vaitts (France), in 1970 who searched for Vitaly Semenovich Makarenko [1895-1983] in a nursing home in France and convinced him to write memoirs about his childhood and teenage years with his older brother ^[18] . Further correspondence between the researchers and V. S. Makarenko, including with the aim of obtaining additions and clarifying the details of the memoirs, lasted until he left in 1983. The first texts from the memoirs were published in the next issue of Opuscula Makarenkiana in 1973, and fully - already after 1983 ^[19] . With some criticisms of these notes, they were and remain a valuable source for the historical (biographical) direction of Macarenology on a number of important issues.
• For many years, Goetz Hillig and Valentin Kumarin [1928-2002], until the latter left, were united by common scientific interests and human friendship ^[18] . It is curious that both professors, for various reasons, perfectly mastered the languages ​​of another country. G. Hillig - Russian and Ukrainian, and V. Kumarin - German. And for both this was noticeably useful when visiting and working in Russia and Ukraine and, accordingly, the GDR (in the Soviet years) and the FRG.

• Hillig, Goetz . Makarenko and power .
• Hillig, G., Oxa N. N. On the History of the Colony named after Gorky // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea. - 2003. - N 38. - S. 87-93
• Hillig, Goetz . A. S. Makarenko and V. A. Balitsky. Two associates in the service of the Ukrainian GPU // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea. - 2005. - N 62. - S. 65-67.
• Hillig, Goetz . A. S. Makarenko and the Bolshevskaya commune // Post-methodology, No. 2, 2001 “Gromadyansky education in schools”
• Hillig, Goetz, Marianne Krueger Potratz . "The Second Birth" by A. S. Makarenko. The experience of the process of reconstructing him as a teacher (1939-1941) .
• Hillig, Goetz . On the issue of national identity A.S. Makarenko .
• Hillig, Goetz . How A. S. Makarenko opened a family. To the story of the creation and impact of the “Book for Parents” 1936-1939
• Hillig, Goetz . Pocket money for pickpockets / Unknown letter of "Nepman" A. S. Makarenko // "Public Education", 2002, No. 12. P. 151-154.
• Hillig, Goetz . Anton Makarenko - Margarita Barskaya: in the wake of an extraordinary friendship // Relga (electronic railway) No. 16 [272] 11/30/2013
• Hillig, Goetz . Colony them. Gorky - the laboratory and scene of the teacher A.S. Makarenko // In Search of the True Makarenko. Russian-language publications (1976-2014). Poltava: PNPU ​​them. V. G. Korolenko. Publisher Shevchenko R.V., 2014 778 p. ISBN 978-966-8798-39-9 . S. 497-522.
• Makarenko uber alles! - One of Hillig's interviews in Ukraine, in Russia. language.
• Hillig, Goetz . In search of the true Makarenko. Russian-language publications (1976-2014). Poltava: PNPU ​​them. V. G. Korolenko. Publisher Shevchenko R.V., 2014 778 p. ISBN 978-966-8798-39-9 . ( cover and table of contents of the book ).

• Tkachenko A.V. Anton Makarenko and Goetz Hillig: two names that cannot be separated (instead of an obituary) (Ukrainian)